Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/646

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Which is moft put to the proof when going to be taken. ( The whole brood, which is always very numerous, is carried off upon a horfe, as fwift as pofliMe, and often removed to a freih one. When the mother Tyger finds the neft empty, and the brood gone, for the males take no care of them, fhe traces the fcent with furious fpeed ; and when fhe is arrived within hearing of the perfon who is carrying off her young, he throws down one of them ; this fhe takes up in her mouth, and, as if made more fwift by her load, carries it back, and then returning, is treated in the fame manner till the perfon gets on board a (hip, and leaves her to vent her rage on the fhore. Vid. Pitiff. Lex. Ant. in voc. Piin. Nat. Hift- I. 8. c. 18.

TIHOL, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of the Philippine Iflands to a fpecies of crane very frequent among them, and remarkable for its fize, being taller than a man, when it ftands creel, and holds up its neck. They call it alfo fometimes tipul.

TIJEGUACV-Pffroara, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird, of the fize of a lark. It has a fhort and thick beak, brown above, and whitifli below. Its head, throat, fides, and^the lower part of its neck, are of a fine yellow, varie- gated with red in the female, and all over of a perfect blood- red in the male. The upper part of the neck, and the whole back, are grey, with a mixture of brown ; the wings are brown, tipped with white ; the tail is of the fame colour i and the fides of the neck, the breaft, belly, and thighs, are white. Marggravis Hift. Brafil.-

TIJEPIRANGA, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the fparrow kind. It is a little larger than the lark. Its whole body, neck, and head, are of a very fine red or blood colour, and its wings and tail black.

There is another fpecies alfo of this bird, which is of the fize of a fparrow, and is of bluifh grey on the back, white on tbj belly, and of a fea-greenon the wings. The legs of this are of a pale grey. Marggrave's Hift. Brafil,

TIKE, the Zetland name for an otter, of which there are many to be found about that ifland. Phil. Tranf. N°. 473. Seft. 8.

TILE, orTYLE, {Cycl.) in allaying* a fmall flat piece of dried earth, ufed to cover the veflels in which metals are in fufion.

Thefe are made of a mixture of clay and land, or powder of flints, or broken crucibles, made into a pafte, and fpread thin with a rolling-pin, on a table, or flat flone. From thefe cakes or plates, pieces are to be cut with a knife, to the fhape and fize of the mouths of the veflels to be clofed. It is beft then to pare away the borders of the under furface of the piece thus cut off, that this furface may immediately touch all the way the edge of the mouth of the veffel, leaving a prominent rim, by which means the Tile fits clofe upon the veflel, and is not fo eafily displaced by accidents, as a touch of the poker, or of the coals put on to mend the fire, as it other- wife would be. Finally, put on the middle of the outer fur- face a final) bit of the fame matter, which ferves as a kind of handle, by means of which it may be conveniently managed by the tongs, and eafily taken off and put on again at plea- lure. Cramer-^ Art. AlT. p. 66.

TILIA, the Lime-Tree, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the rofa- ceous kind, and is compofed of feveral petals, arranged in a circular form. The piftil arifes from the cup, and finally be- comes an unicapfular huik, containing oblong feeds. The fpecies of Lime, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : x. The large-leaved common lime. 2. The common Lime, with fmaller leaves. And 3. The hairy-rleaved Lime, with red twigs and fquare fruit. Town, Inft. p. 611. See the article Lime-7)w.

Lime-tree flowers are e [teemed cephalic and cordial ; they are alfo recommended in paralytic and nervous diforders of all kinds.

TILLS, a name given by our farmers to the lentil, a kind of pulfe propagated in fome parts of the kingdom ; they are the fmalleft of all pulfe. They require but an ordinary ground, but they produce a vaft quantity, tho J they lie in a fmall com- pafs. They make a fine fweet fodder, and are the beft of all things of this kind for calves, or any other young cattle. They are alfo the beft of all forts of food for pigeons. Mortimer's Hufbandry.

TILL^EA, in the Linnxan fyftem of botany, the name of a diftin£t genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The calyx is a flat perianthium, divided into three large oval fegments. The flower is compofed of three flat, oval, pointed petals, fmaller than the fegments of the cup. The itamina are three fimple filaments, ihorter than the cup, The antberas are fmall. The piftillum has three germina. The ftyles are three, and fimple. The ftigmata arc obtufe. The fruit is three long pointed capfules, of the fame length with the flower, bent back, and fplitting open longitudinally in their upper part. The feeds are of an oval figure ; and two are con- tained in each of thefe capfules. Linneei Gen. Plant, p. 36.

TILLAGE. The term Tillage, in its proper fenfe, fignifies the

opening, breaking, and dividing the ground by the fpade, the

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plough, the hoe, or other inftruments which divide it bj' at- trition, as the addition of dung does by fermentation. Dung is only to be had in a limited quantity, and that in moil places, except in the neighbourhood of great towns, too fmall a quantity for the hufbandman's occafians ; but Tillage is in the power of the workman in every degree; and by "this the field of fubterranean pafture for the plants may be enlarged al* molt without limitation. Though rhe external furface is al- ways confined to the fame narrow bounds, Tillage may ex- tend the earth's internal fuperficies, in proportion to the divi- sion of its parts; and as divifion is infinite, fo may alfo that extenfion of the fuperficies be, which is the confequence and efrefi of it.

Every time the earth is broken by any fort of Tillage or divi-. fion, there muff arife fome new fuperficies of the broken parts, which never has been open before ; for when the part3 of the earth are once united and incorporated together, 'tis morally impoffible that they, or any of them, fhould be broken again only in the fame places ; for, to do that, fuch patts muft have again the fame numerical figures and dimen- sions they had before that breaking, which, it is eafy to lee, will never happen.

Although the internal fuperficies may have been drained by a preceding crop, and the next plowing may move many of the before divided parts, without new breaking them, yet fuch as are new broken have, at fuch places where they are broken, a new fuperficies, which never was, or never exified before. Tillage, as well as dung, is beneficial to all forts of land. Light land being naturally hollow, has larger pores, which are the occafion of its lightnefs: This, when it is by any means fufficiently divided, the parts being brought nearer toge- ther, becomes, for a time, bulk for bulk heavier; that is, die fame quantity of it is made to lie in lefs loom, and fo it is made to partake of the nature and benefit of a ftrong and firm land; that is, it will keep out too much heat and cold, and re- tain the roots of plants much more fteadily than it could do before that Tillage.

The flrong and tough land being naturally lefs porous than it ought to be, is made for a time lighter, as well as richer, by a good divifion : The reparation of its parts makes it more porous, and cjufes it to take up more room than it docs in its natural ftate, and then it partakes of the natural advantages of a lighter land. When ftrong land is ploughed, but noMufK- ciently, fo that its parts are left grofs, it is faid by the farmers to be rough ; in this cafe it has not the proper benefit of Til- lage ; for its pores and interftices are left too large, and it has all the inconveniencies of a hollow land that is untilled. When the light land is ploughed but once, that is not fufficient to dimimfl] its natural hollownefs or pores ; and, for want of more Tillage, the parts into which it is divided by that once ploughing, remain too large, and confequently the artificial pores are large alfo, and, in that refpect, they and the ill- tilled ftrong land are alike.

Light land having naturally lefs internal fuperficies than any other kind, feems to require more Tillage or dung to enrich it : As when the poor hollow thin downs have their upper part, which is the beft, burnt, whereby all, except a caput mortuum, is carried away; yet the falts of this fpread upon that barren land, which is unburnt, divide it into fuch very minute parts, that their pafture will nourilh two or three very good crops of corn.- But then the plough, even with a con- fiderable quantity of dung, is never able to make another divi- fion equal to that which thofe falts had done ; and therefore, after thefe two or three crops, the land always remains barren! Artificial pores cannot be two fmall, becaufe the roots of plants can the more eafily enter the foil that has them ; quite contrary to natural pores ; for thefe may be, and generally are, too fmall and too hard for the entrance of all weak roots, and for the free entrance even of ftrong roots. Infuffkient Tillage leaves ftrong land with its natural pores too fmall, and its artificial ones too large ; and it leaves light land, with its natural and artificial pores both too large. Pores which ate too fmall, in hard ground, will not permit roots eafily to enter them; and pores which are too large in any fort u( land, can be of little other ufe to the roots of plants, but only to' give them paflage into other pores that are more proper for them ; and if in any place they lie more open than they ought to the air, they are diied up and fpoilcd before they reach them. The fine fibrous roots are the only parts of a plant which take in the nourifhment, the larger part of the toots ferving only to receive it of them, and convey it to the plant; and thefe fineand fmall fibrous roots can take in no nourifhment from any part of the earth, unlefs they are in contafl with it, and prefs againft the fuperficies: This is the cafe in the fmall pores in the earth ; but by no means in large ones ; for a fibrous root can never be compreffed againft the fides of a cavity, whofe diameter is much greater than its own, as is the cafe in all thefe large pores. The furfaces of great clods form declivities, which have large cavities at the bottom ; thefe ferve to re- ceive and convey what rain and dew tffing too quickly down- ward below the ploughed part.

The firft and fecond ploughing of land with the common plough, fcarce 3eferye the "name of Tillage ; they rather pre- pare