Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/644

 T 1 B

T I B

ditcnanean, and others teas, and fometimes, though not fre- quently, caught on the Englifh coafts. It is a very large fifh, growing fometlmes to fcvcn or eight . foot long, and more than an hundred weight. It is of a rounded and thick hody, growing gradually (mailer toward the tail, till it is at length extremely flender. It very much re- fembles thepelamys in its whole figure, but that it wants the oblong black ftreaks which that fifh has on its fides, and is much larger. The back is black, or, if held in Come lights, is of a mining bluifh of grcenifii hue. Its belly and half its fides are of a filvery whitenefs. Its fcales are very (mall. Its fnout pointed. Its jaws both of equal length, and armed each with one row of teeth. The mouth is large and black within, except that part of the palate is red. The eyes are large. The larger black fins are two in number ; the foremoft placed near the head, and riling out of a cavity in the back, and the other at a final! diitance behind that ; and, in fome fifh of this fpecies, of a reddifh or yellowifh colour ; and behind this laft, there are eight, nine, or ten fmall fins running down the ridge of the back at equal diftances to the tail. The tail is very forked. The fins at the gills are black, fmall, and terminate in a point. The belly fins are placed but at a fmall diitance behind thefe, and are alfo fmal! ; and both thefe, and the gill-fins have finufes in the body of the fifli, into which they may be deprefied. Behind the anus is a fin like that on the back, and behind it eight more fmall ones, anfwering to thofe on the back alio; and the (kin of the fides, near the tail, is extended into two fins ; fo that this part of the fifh looks in fome fort fquare. It is a good fifh for the table, and is falted in vaft quantities in Spain and Italy. See Tab. of Fifhes, N°. 29. and Ray ; s Ichthyography, p.* 176. THYOS, ©&©., in antiquity, an offering of fruits, leaves, or acorns, which were the only facrifices at firft in ufe. Potter, Archasol. Graec. 1'. 1. p. 213. THYREOSTAPHILINUS, in anatomy, a name given by Douglafs to a mufcle, called by Albinus and others, palato- pharyngeal*. See the article Palatopharyng^eus. THYRR/EUM Vinum, a fort of wine among the antients re- markable for its thicknefs and dark colour ; it was fweet, and lufcious, and not aftringent. THYRREUS Lapis, in natural hiftory, the name of a foffi], which the writers of the middle ages have called Jyrus. It has many virtues afcribed to it ; but all the account we have of its real properties are from Pliny, who obferves that it fwam upon the water while whole ; but when broken into fmall pieces, thefe funk to the bottcm. It feems to have been a fort of bitumen of a fpongy ftructure. THYSSELINUM, in botany, the name of a genus of umbel- liferous plants, the flowers and fruit of which are the fame with thofe of the petrofelinum, or mountain parfley; from which it differs in nothing, except that it yields a milky juice when broken or wounded.

The fpecies of Thyjilmum, enumerated by Mr. Toumefort, arethefe: I. The ■Tbyjfdinum of Pliny, or milky parfley. 2. The marfh Thyjfilinum, called by 'fome the milky fefili. Tourn. Inft. p. 319. T1BERIADES Water, the water of a hot fpring near Tibe- riades in Egypt.

Dr. Perry, when on the fpot, tried fome experiments on this water, which give us a much better idea of its nature, than we have from any other accounts of it. Half a dram of oil of tartar being mixed with an ounce and half of the water, it be- comes turbid and muddy ; and after twelve hours, three parts of the whole appear like white wool, only leaving a (mail portion of clear water at the top. This white woolly matter dried, produced only a fmall quantity of yellow ochre. Spirit of vitriol added to the water in the fame quantity, af- fords a large unctuous fediment of a white colour. A fb'lution of fublimate being mixed in the fame quantity, it became tur- bid and yellowilh, and yielded an earthy fediment in fmall quantity ; whence it feems evident, that it contains a fal murale. Saccharum faturni being added in the fame quantity, the wa- ter depofited a lateiitious fediment in a fmall quantity. Mixt with fpirit offal armoniac, it turns to a bluifh green turbid liquor, and finally yields a woolly fediment. Sugar of violets mixed with it, turned it to a yellowifh colour ; and the fcrap- ings of galls mixed with it, turned it to a deep purple ; and on making, this became as black as ink.

It appears from thefe experiments, that the water contains a good deal of a grofs fixed vitriolic fait, fome alum, and a fal murale. It is too fait and naufeous for internal ufc ; but it muff be of ufe as a bath in all cutaneous foulnefies, efpecially in fcorbutic and leprous cafes ; for it will powerfully deterge, loour and cleanfe the excretory pores, and it may, by its weight and itimulus, reftore them to their natural ftate and tone, and reftore the true ftate of the vitiated folids in general _Phil. Tranf. N". 462. p. 52.

TlbERIANUM Mannor, in the natural hiflory of the antients, the name of the green and white marble, common in tables, C5V. at this time, and by our artificers called Mgyptian tnarble. l he Romans applied this name, however, only to one ap- pearance of this fpecies of marble, which was, when its white part was not arranged into regular lines, or arched figures, but uiftuied irregulaily through the whole ma(s j for where it was thrown into thefe fort of arches, it was called the augu-

Jlin marble. Thcfc were, however, very idle diffinctioin, fince the fame block, to this day, often affords us the white veins, in both thefe difpolitions, 'in its different parts. Trite antient Romans had it from VEgypt, and we alfo have the fiaeft pieces thence ; though the greater part of what we u'e is not brought quite fo far. Hill's H\i\. of Foil', p. 481.

Tiberianum Tormentum, in medicine, a name given by fome to the colic. See Colic.

TIBIA (fiycl.)— Cartilages of the Tibia. The Tibia hasfour or five proper Cartilages, and two additional ones. The two proper cartilages which cover the two fuperior furfaces of the head of the Tibia, are the thickeft. Thefe are both gently hollow ; but the internal, or that next the other Tibia, is more deprefied in the middle than the other. The third pro- per cartilage covers the fmall furface which lies on the lower part of the external condyle. The fourth covers the lower fur- face of the bafis of the Tibia, being continued over the outfidc of the inner ankle. There are likewife fuperficial cartilagi- nous incruCtations on the back part of this bafis, behind the inner ankle, and likewife on the backfide of the outer ankle, all for the paflage of tendons.

The additional cartilages of the Tibia are two in number, called femilunar from their figure, and intermediate or inter- articular from their fituation ; each of thefe cartilages is in the fhape of a crefcent, or Ruman C. Thi

eir convexity, or greateff curvature, is ve;y thick ; their concavity, or (mailer curvature, very thin, and fomething like the edge of a fickle. They lie on the two upper furfaces of the head of the Tibia ; each cartilage is broad enough to cover about two thirds of the furface of the Tibia on which it lies, leaving one third bare in the middle ; their under fides are flat, their upper fides hollow, and, together with the middle portions of the furfaces of the head of the Tibia, ihey form cavities proportioned to the con- vexity of the condyles of the os femoris. IVinJlow's Anatomy, p. 128. Ligaments of the Tibia. This bone is connected to the os fe- moris by feveral ligaments, two lateral, one pofterior, two middle, and one capfular. The innermoft and broadeft of the two lateral ones is fixed pretty low down on the inner fide of the fuperior part of the Tibia. The external, which is nar- rower and thicker than the former, is fixed partly in the Tibia, immediately above the fibula, and partly in the upper extre- mity of the fibula ; both thefe ligaments lie a little behind the middle of the articulation. The pofterior ligament is fixed by feveral expanfions in the pofterior part of the head of the Tibia. One of the crucial ones is fixed by one end to the internal fu- perficial impreffion in the notch of the os femoris, and by the other, to the notch in the head of the Tibia ; The other is fixed by one end to the external impreffion in the notch of the os femoris, and by the other between the anterior portions of the fuperior furfaces of the head of the Tibia. The cornua of the femilunar cartilages degenerate into ligaments, fhort and ftrong, by which they are fattened, and communicate by fome fmalf portions with the crucial ligaments : They have likewife a common ligament, which like an arch runs tranfverfely be- tween their anterior convexities, to the tuberofity or fpine of the Tibia. The patella is fattened alfo by a ftrong ligament ; this runs directly down from the apex of the patella ; and, be- fide this, it has feveral fmall lateral ligaments fixed in the lower part of its edge on each fide, and inferted anteriorly and a- little laterally in the edge of the head of the Tibia. The capfular ligament is" fixed round the edge of the head of the Tibia, and in the edge of the patella. The crucial liga- ments, and thofe of the femilunar cartilages, are inclofed in this capfule ; but the lateral and pofterior ligaments, and thofe of the patella, lie without it. The capfule is alfo joined to a confiderable portion of the circumference of the femilunar cartilages, and is ftrengthened by many ligamentarv fibres. Its infide is fmootb, and filming ; and where it is not covered with tendons, is very thin. There is likewife a very thin ligament, fixed by one end to the lower part of the carti- laginous fide of the patella, and by the other to the anterior part of the great notch between the condyles and the os femo- ris. The ufe of which feems to be, to prevent the articular fat from being compreffed in the motions of the.knce. Win- Jloiv's Anatomy, p. 129. Tibije ghtintus, in anatomy, a name given by the old authors to a mufcle called the biceps cruris by Albinus and Window and the reft of the moderns. TIBIALIA, among the Romans, a kind of fwaths with which

they uied to cover their legs. Pitifc. in voc. TIBIALIS (Cyc/.)— Tibialis Gracilis, a mufcle of the les, called alfo plantaris. It is a fmall pyrifcrm mufcle, fituatcd obliquely in the ham, below the external condyle of the os femoris, between the poplitseus, and external gallrocncmius ; and its tendon which is long, flat, and very fmall, runs down on the fide of the gattrocneniius internus all the way to the heel. The flefhy body, which is no more than about two inches in length and one in breadth, is fixed by a fhoit flat tendon above the outer edge of the exterior condyle of the os femoris; from thence it runs obliquely over the edge of the poplitseus, ^ and terminates in a very fmall, but long flat ten- don. This tendon runs between the body of the gaftrocne- mius externus and foleus all the way to the inner edg-e of the upper part of the tendo achillis, and from thence continuing