Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/640

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a healthy perfon, or by drawing it out with a fyphon, or making farther openings with a knife. A proper fyringe with its mouth applied to the wound, and a ftrong fu&ion made, often will fill itfelf with the confined blood and matter, and by repeating the operation prove of very fignal fervice. In wounds that penetrate into the cavity, when a large quan- tity of blood is fpilt into the cavity of the Thorax, the ex- panfion of the lungs, the office of refpiration, and the courfe of the blood through the lungs are impeded, and the blood in the lungs being infpiffated by frequently being retarded there, life cannot be Supported j but where the quantity of extrava- fated blood is not fo large as to occafion thefe accidents, there ftill is danger that it mould putrify by degrees, and corrupt either the diaphragm, pleura, or lungs, which mutt occafion very bad fymptoms, and finally death itfelf, and that in a fhort time. When blood is extravafated in the Tliorax, we mutt therefore ufe all diligence to get it away. If the wound is inflicted on the middle or lower part of the Thorax, and has not a very narrow opening, it will be convenient to lay the patient upon the wounded fide, and advife him to fetch his breath deep, or cough ; and if the difcharge is hindered by lumps of grumous blocd flopping up the orifice, they mult be removed with a probe, or with the fingers, or drawn out with a fyringe. If the blood is become too thick to flow out of the wound, an injection of barley-water with the addition of a little honey of rofes and a fmall quantity of foap muft be ufed ; this is to be injected, and the patient made after- wards to lie on the wounded fide, to let it run out again ; and this muft be repeated, till it appears that all the grumous blood is warned away. But if the wound is fo narrow and oblique that this method cannot be ufed, it muft be enlarged with the incifion- knife. Great caution is to be obferved not to fatigue the patient too much, by attempting to difcharge all the extravafated blood at one time. It will be more fate to do it by intervals, at different times, efpecially if he be fub- ieft to fwoonings ; but the wound muft be kept open in the mean time, by introducing a filver or leaden pipe into it, or at leaft a large tent with a it ring fattened to it. This method of cleanfing the cavity of the Thorax is to be repeated, till the difcharge mail entirely ceafe, and the external wound can be conveniently healed.

When a wound is made in the upper part of the breaft, the patients lying on the wounded fide cannot at all let out the matter in the cavity ; but an opening muft be made in the lower part of the Thorax, between the fecond and third rib, counting upwards, if it is on the left fide ; but if it is on the the right fide then between the third and fourth rib, about a hand's breadth from the fpine. The place where the open- ing is to be made Should be firft marked with ink, and the instrument generally ufed to make it is the trocar, which muft be driven above the rib into the Thorax with great caution, and gentlenefs j after it has penetrated, the fteel inftrument is to be drawn out, and the pipe left in as a paflage for the extravafated blood to be let out by ; and if it does not readily make its way out by this, its evacuation may be forwarded by the fuction of a fyringe. The trochar is in common ufe on this occafion ; but as the lungs are very liable to be wound- ed by the palling of this inftrument forcibly into the cavity of the Thorax, it is better to divide the common integuments with an incifion- knife, as alfo the mufcles and pleura, care- fully avoiding the lungs, which are very apt to adhere to the pleura in this part ; when this perforation is properly made, it is carefully to be kept open as long as neceflary, and the wound above to be healed up as foon as poflible. The cavity of the Thorax being thus cleanfed, the wound is to be drefled once every day, and the dreffing performed with all poflible expedition ; and the utmoft diligence ufed to guard the contents of the Thorax from the injuries of the external air. Heijler's Surg. p. 70.

THOS, ©«s, in zoology, a name given to an animal of the wolf kind, but larger than the common wolf. It never touches men or cattle, and rather provides its food by cunning than open force ; preying chiefly on poultry and water -fowl. Hofm. Lex. univ. in voc.

THOUGHTS, in a boat, a name given by feamen to the benches, on which the men fit down to row.

THOWLES, in a boat, are thofe pins in its gunnel, between which the men put their oars when they row.

THRACIA Gemma, a ftone mentioned by Pliny, and defcribed by him to be of three kinds ; the one of a plain green, but a confiderably deep and ftrong colour, the other of a paler green without variegation, and the third fpotted with blood- coloured fpots. This is a fhort defcription, but the ftone feems to have been a jafper, of the nature of our green oriental jafper and heliotrope.

THRACIUS Lapis, in the natural hiftory of the antients, a ftone often mentioned, and firft called Una lapis, from the place where it was firft found, which was in the neighbour- hood of Bina, or Bena, a town in Thrace. It has been by fome authors allowed a place in the catalogues of the materia medica ; but it is impoflible for us to fay with any certainty which of feveral fubftances now known (which all anfwer in fome degree to the accounts left us of it) is the real body they meant by that name.

THR

It was an inflammable body, found in mines, and in the bed* of rivers; and, in burning, afforded a very oftenfive iinell. Some of the late authors have fuppofed it was our common pit-coal, the antients expreffed by this name ; others, that it was jet ; and others, the common cannel coal. Hill's Theo- phraltus, p. 34.

THRANlT.fl£, in the Roman trireme gallies, or thofe which had three rows of rowers ; thofe of the upper row were called by this name, the fecond the Zygites, and the loweft Tha- lamita.

The Zygita, or middle row of men, in thefe veffels took up but very little room, having a conveniency of moving their hands and oars under the feats of thofe who fat next before them.

Meibom, in his difcourfe of the naval architecture of the an- tients, has proved that the builders of thefe veflels found much better places for the feveral tires of rowers, than the com- mentators on the works of the authors who mention them have done; and that hence the vaft height fuppofed neceflary in thefe veflels is much of it imaginary, and that the tefiaraconteris of Philopater, a veflel faid to have forty tire of oars, may have been built and managed, though requiring four thoufand men to row it.

This author is of opinion, that according to the plan he has given of the Roman naval architecture, we might very much improve our own gallies and galleafles, He acknowledges our form indeed to be preferable in general to theirs; but would have the fame proportions kept up by us that were by them in their long veflels. Meibom. de Trirem.

THRASOS, a term ufed by Hippocrates, to exprefs a wild- nefs and nercenefs in the eyes of perfons, who approach to a delirium in fevers.

THRAUPiS, in zoology, the name given by many authors to. the bird more commonly called citrineUa 5 a fmall bird of ' the fize of a linnet, kept in cages in Italy for its iinging, and of a green, yellow, and grey colour. See the article Ci-

TRINELLA.

THRAUHMA, a name given by the antients to a kind of gum ammoniacum, which was drier than the common, and more eafily crumbled to pieces.

THRAUSTOMICTHES, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of compound earths. The word is derived from the Greek 8$uvn>;, brittle, and (*i*0i)(, mixt. The bodies of this genus are loams compofed of fand and a lefs vifcid clay, and are therefore of a friable or crumbly tex- ture.

The earths of this genus are generally ufed to make bricks ; and there are feveral fpecies of them, 1. A whitifJh one, dug in great plenty in Staffordfliire, and fome other counties. a. A browniin white one very plentiful about London. 3. A pale yellow one, common in moft parts of England at fmall depths. 4. A fharp rough one, of a deep yellow, dug near the town of Hedgerley near Windfor, and commonly called Windfor loame : It is not found in any other place, and is of great value ; it makes the bricks uled for the iron furnaces, and ferves at the glafs-houfes and among the che- mifts as a very ftrong and valuable lute ; and is not only ufed in England, but carried to Holland and Germany, and many other parts of the world. 5. A deep dufky yellow one, dug in moft parts of England, near the furface. 6. A hard brown one, found at fome depth in Buckinghamshire, and ufually found full of fmall fhells : It is ufed for covering the ridges of barns, and copings of walls ; and makes very firm and durable barn-floors. 7. A light pale brown one, the loofefl: and moft friable of all the genera, ufed in many places for making the bell-founders moulds. 8. A yellowiin. brown one : This is common in malt parts of the kingdom, and makes the fine red bricks ufed for ornamenting buildings. Hill's Hift. of Foff. p. 424.

THREAD (Cycl.)— The Thread of the Laplanders is very fine, white and ftrong, but it is of a very different nature from ours ; they know nothing of flax or hemp, nor of any other plant whofe ftalks might fupply the place of thefe in making Thread, but theirs is made of the finews of the rain-deer. They kill of thefe animals a very great number continually, partly for food, partly for the fkins which they ufe in cloath- ing themfelves, covering their huts, and on many other oc- caiions ; the finews of all that they kill are very carefully preferved, and delivered to the women, whofe province it is to prepare this neceflary matter. They beat the finews very well, after having fteeped them a long time in water, and then they fpin them out.

The Thread they thus make is of any degree of finenefs they pleafe ; but it never is any longer than the finew from which it is made. They ufe this in fowing their cloaths, fhoes, gloves, &c. and the trappings of their rain-deer. The Threads of the fame finew are laid up together, and are all of a length ; and as the different finews afford them of very different lengths, they accordingly pick out fuch as the prefent ufe requires, both in regard to length and finenefs. This fort of thread is made with much more labour than ours; but it is greatly fuperior to it on many occafions, where ftrength is rather required than beauty. Thefe people have, befides this, a way of making a fort of

yarn