Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/621

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The differences made by variety of dltnata upon plants, are not limited to diftance of place, but even in the fame province the Climate differs greatly in different years, by means of acci- dents, and more or lefs heat ; and more or lefs moifture will do as much violence to plants fometimes, as change of place, which only operates by means of the fame agents. Our far- mers complain of great mifchiefs, from long droughts ; and the French hufbandmen, in many of the provinces, always find, that when there has fallen very much rain, or thick fogs have been very frequent, all the bread-coin of every kind de- generates ; the wheat and barley are poor and thin in the ear, and the grain fmall ; but the rye becomes fo altered, that it is pernicious to ufe it in making of bread ; and the poor, who are obliged to eat the bread made with it, arefubjeited to ma- ny difeafes by it. They call the rye thus vitiated Ergot, and ble cornu. Deflations Trait. Phyf.

TEMPERING of Bricks. See the article BuxcK-o&ifg.

TEMPLE (Cyel.) — Temples were originally all open, and hence received their name. See Phil, Tranf. N°. 471. fe&. 5. where we have an account of an anticnt Temple in Ireland of the fame fort as our famous Stonehenge.

The word Te?nplum, in its primary fenfe among the old Ro- mans, ftgnified nothing more than a place fet apart, and con- fecrated by the Augurs ; whether inclofed, or open ; in the city, or in the fields, Middlet: of Rom. Sen. p. 135.

TEMPLUM Sojirati) the name of a kind of chirurgical ban- dage, defcribed by Galen. He alfo defcribes another under the name of Templum parvum rfpollonii Tyrii.

TEMPO di Gavotta, in muiic. See the article Tempo di Ga-

VOTTA. ' '

TEMPORALIS, [Cycl.) a broad flat mufcle, refembling the quadrant of a circle, and occupying all the femi-circular or femi-oval plane of the lateral region of the cranium, the Temporal foifie, and part of the zygomatic. Through all the circumference of this femi-circular plane, the pericranium is divided into two lamina?. The internal lamina, which is fometimes taken for a particular periofteum, covers immedi- ately all the bony parts of this region ; the external lamina feparated from the other, is fpread out like an aponeurotic, or ligamentary tent, by means of its adhefions to the external angular apophyfis of the os frontis, to the pofterior edge of the fuperior apophyfis of the os mala, and to the upper edge of all the zygomatic arch all the way to the root of the ma- ftoide apophyfis.

This mufcle is compofed of two planes of flefhy fibres fixed to the two fides of a tendinous plane, nearly of the fame breadth with them by which they are feparated ; it being fpread quite through the mufcle, like a concealed middle tendon; and the body of the mufcle thus formed, is inclofed between the two aponeuretic or ligamentary lamina? in the following manner :

The internal flefhy plane is fixed by a broad radiated infer- tion to all the femicircular plane of the cranium by the inter- vention of the internal lamina of the perioiteum. Thus it is fixed to the lateral and external part of the os frontis, and to its external angular apophyfis, to the lower part of the es parietale to the fquammous portion of the os temporls, to the great ala or temporal apophyfis of the fphenoidal bone by which the temporal foffa is formed, and a little to the back- fide of the internal orbitary apophyfis of the es malar, which forms part of the zygomatic folia.

The external flefhy plane is fixed in the fame radiated manner to the infide of the external lamina of the pericranium, from the great femi-circular circumference, all the way to a fmall portion of this lamina, more or lefs femi-circular above its in- fertion in the zygomatic arch ; here the flefhy fibres leave the external lamina, aud the void fpace is commonly filled with fat. The middle tendinous plane continues to contrail by degrees, and ends at length in a very confiderable tendon, the extremity of which, which is in a manner double, en- clofes the coronoide apophyfis of the lower jaw. There is another fmall plane, reckoned by fome to be a portion of this mufcle, but in reality is no other than the third portion of the mafleter. WtnJIow's Anat. p. 251.

When the Temporal mufeles are wounded, at the fame time that there is a contufion of the cranium, which is frequently the cafe, the patient will be attended with great diforders ; not only as thefe mufeles are neceffary for the offices of dividing the food, and for forming of fpeech, but becaufe they are furnifhed with nerves, tendons and arteries, all very confider- able, which will partake of the injury. Where there 13 no violent fymptom attending wounds on the external parts of the head, they are eafily cured by the common method ufed to frefh wounds, and 1 there will be no occafion for futures, for flicking plafters will always anfwer the purpofc ; but the drefiings muff always be fmifhed with all poffible expedition ; the medicines muff be always applied warm, and the air kept in a moderate heat with hot coals.

If there be any great degree of hemorrhage from the wounded vefTels, dry lint, or the ftyptic powders are to be ufed, and the whok- kept on by compreffes and a proper bandage ; and after the haemorrhage is flopped, the wound muff be dreiled with mel rofarum, or fome digeitive medicines, till fufficient- Suppl. Vol. II,

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ly deterged, and then with a vulnerary balfam, or dry lint till it is healed. Heijler's Surg p. g,

TEMPOREGIATO, in the Italian mufic, fometimes fignifits, that the muficians who accompany the voice, or the perfon who beats time, mould prolong fome particular part thereof to give the aiftor or finger room to exprefs the paflion he is to reprefent, or to introduce fome graces by way of orna- ment to the piece.

Ti-mporegiato is alfo ufed in a different fenfe, for a Tempi, or a tempo giufto.

TEMPORUM OJfa. Thefe are two in number, fituated in the ewer and lateral part of the ikull ; the figure of each is part- ly femi-circular, refembling the fcale of a filh, partly like a (hapclcfs rock ending in feveral points. Each of them is divided into two portions, one fuperior term- ed fquammous, from its figure ; the other inferior, called apo- phyfis petrafa, or the rocky apophyfis ; but that more from its hardnefs, than from the irregularity of its figure. This portion is eafily fcparable from the former in children ; and fome marks of this divifion are ufually found ffill remaining m adults.

They are alfo divided into two fides, one external and con- vex, the other internal and concave. Their external emi- nences are, the maftoide apophyfis in the lower and pofterior part of the bone ; the zygomatic apophyfis in the anterior part ; the ftyloide apophyfis under the bone, which feems ori- ginally to have been an epiphyfis ; the capfular apophyfis, in which the bony ftilet feems as it were to be fet ; the articu- lar eminence of the zygomatic apophyfis, the lambdoidal angle, and the lower fide of the apophyfis petrofa. Its external cavities are, the articular one immediately behind the eminence, called by the fame name ; and which, with that, ferves for the articulation of the lower jaw. The crack in the articular cavities ; the maftoide notch, in which the digaftric mufcle is inferted ; the opening of the external mea- tus auditorius ; the anterior indented border of that opening ; the ftylomaftoide, or anterior maftoide hole, which is the ori- fice of the paflage of the portio dura of the auditory nerve, called from its form the aqueduct; the orifice or inferior hole of the carotide canal in the apophyfis petrofa, which alters its direction upward and forward, and ends at the point of the rock near the fella fpbensidalis ; a portion of the jugu- lar foffa, and a portion of the foramen lacerum. Among the external cavities we are likewife to reckon a por- tion of the duclus palatinus of the ear, commonly called the Euftachian tube, and by fome the aqueduct ; but by no means to be confounded with the other aqueduct, or ftylomaftoide ; the zygomatic notch ; the parietal notch ; the fpheroidal notch; one or more little tubes, which receive the ramifications of the temporal artery ; the groove in the apophyfis pe- trofa ; by which it is connected to the great apophyfis of the OS oecipitis ; the pofterior maftoide hole; but this hole is fome- times formed between this bone and the os oeeipitis, and is fometimes entirely wanting in one of the bones, and fome- times in both ; and there is befide thefe, in fome fubjects, a fmall maftoide hole, which lofes itfelf in the fubftance of the bone.

In examining the internal eminences and cavities, we mufl diftinguiih the fquammous portion from the .ipophyfis petrofa. In the former we fee the radiated indentations of the femi- circular edge, whichwith the parietal bone forms the fquam- mous future ; a portion of the middle foffa ot the bafis cranii on the fame fide, and feveral inequalities on the fame fide. The apophyfis petrofa, or rock, is a fort of pyramidal body, with three fides fituated obliquely, fo that its bafis is turned backward and outward, and its apex forward and inward to- ward the fella tureiea : Of the three fides, one is fuperior and inclined a little forwards, the fecond pofterior, and the third inferior : This laft belongs to the outfide of the whole bone. The upper fide affilts in forming the middle foffa ot the bafis cranii ; and we obferve here a fmall irregular hole appearing to be double, and partly covered by a fmall bony plate ; this is a kind of break or interruption in the duct, through which the portio dura of the auditory nerve paffes In the back fide of the rock we fee the internal auditory hole, and a portion of the foffa for the cerebellum : fmall, indeter- minate, and pretty deep depreflions are fometimes feen in it in children ; but thefe are gradually obliterated as they grow up. At the bafis of this apophyfis we fee a portion of a groove in the lateral finus, formed partly in this bafis, partly in the lambdoidal angle ; as alfo a portion of the foramen lacerum, and a fmall point which as it were divides this hole in two, and diftinguilhes the paffage of the jugular vein, from that of the eighth pair of nerves.

As this apophyfis has three fides, three angles are to be ob- ferved in it ; the firft fuperior between the upper and back fides, the fecond pofterior between the back and lower fides, and the third anterior between the lower and fore fide. The fuperior angle, which is the moft apparent, has a groove for the fmall finus of the dura mater. The pofterior angle is in a manner interrupted near the middle by the foramen lacerum, and from it proceeds the little bony point, which divides this hole ; at the end of it is a grove by which it is connected with F f f f the