Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/577

 SUB

Work in the manege, croupe in, marking his equal times, without lofing his ground.

Subject, in mufic. See Soggetto.

SUBJECTION, fubjtltio, in rhetoric, is ufed for a brief an- fwer to a preceding interrogation : thus Cicero, Quid ergo ? audaeiffimus ego ex omnibus ? minimi. Vojf. Rhet. lib. 5. p. 416.

SUBINTRANTES fibres, a term ufed by fome medical writ- ers to exprefs thofe fevers in which one fit begins before the other is perfectly worn off.

SUBITO, in the Italian mafic, is ufed to fignify that a thing is to be performed quickly and haftily : thus we meet with villi fubito, turn over the leaf quickly.

SUBLIMABLE bodies, a term ufed by fome of our chemical writers to exprefs fuch fubftances as are capable of fublima- tion in a dry form.

They fay that only thofe things are fublimable,-whkh contain a dry exhalable matter in their original conftrufi ion ; and among thefe they find a great variety, which require various methods and means to execute that efFedf. Among the mi- nerals, fulphur, antimony, and orpiment, are named as the principal among fublimable bodies : thefe are of a very lax compage, or ftru£ture, and are eafily raifed by fire in fmail particles, which concrete again on being ftopt from flying off by the cover of the veflel ; while, on the contrary, iron, filver, and the other metals, being of a clofer ftruSure, re- main fixed in the greateft heat, and never afcend, unlcfs mixed with fome volatile fubftance that is itfelf capable of rifing, and of taking up fome of them with it. Thus copper and iron will be raifed in fublimation by means of fal armoniac mixed with them ; and even gold itfelf is faid to be fubjeft to the fame law, Mr. Boyle affuring us, that he had a fecret method of preparing a certain faline fubftance, by means of a very fmall admixture of which, the gold would be made to rife in fublimation, and form fine purple cryftals.

Fire is the great agent in fublimation; and according as thefe bodies are more or lefs denfe and compact, this is to be made more or lefs ftrong, and continued a longer or a fliorter time. Very often the internal heat alone, occafi- oned in vegetable or animal fubftances by fermentation, is fufKcient to fublime certain of their principles, as is evident in Wedelius's inftance of a ball of woad, or glaftum. Many fubftanccb of a loofer texture are to be fublimed alone, and many others are to have other things mixed with them, as before obferved, in order to make them fubjea to this operation of the fire. The admixtures, which are to make bodies fublimable which are not fo in themfelves, are to be of various kinds, according to the nature of the body to be fublimed ; and the attempt of this procefs upon any parti- cular body is never to be given over on the firft efiay, but the whole round of thofe things, which render unfublimable bodies fublimable, are to be tried firft, that what one doe; not effeft, another may have its chance of doing. Among thefe bodies, ufed as mixtures in fublimation, fome aft by rendering the body more eafiiy fufible, and difuniting thofe particles more readily which the fire is expeQed to carry up ; others aft only by preventing the cohefions of the particles of the fubftance to be fublimed, which heat would otherwife occafion ; and finally, others by entering the body of the fixed fubftance they are mixed with, and giving wings, as it were, to its fubtle particles, fo that they may afcend with its eafily fublimable matter, and join with it in the formation of one mixed fubftance in the top of the vef- fel, by partaking of the nature of both. Others aft poten- tially in the fame way, but by different means, themfelves not being capable of fublimation, but acting on the fubftance to be fublimed, by enervating, weakening, or abforbing thofe fubftances, or parts of the mixed body, which would have otherwife prevented the afcent of the reft; and finally, fome aft as diffolvents only, and by that means render things eafy of fublimation, which would have been very difficultly fo, while their parts were in a more ftricf: continuity. The ufe of this management of fublimable bodies is to pre- pare the flowers, the fulphurs, or the volatile falts of thofe bodies, pure and feparate from their terreftrial feces, from phlegm, from impure oils, and from acids ; and the mixing together the fublimable bodies of two or more kinds into one fubftance, proper for the ufes of medicine, painting, &c. as in the combination of mercury with fulphur into cin- nabar; a noble medicine, and a very valuable paint; or with corrofive falts into the common drugs, called, by way of pre-eminence to all others, fublimate. Hoffman's Acta Laborat. Chem. SUBLIMATE (Cycl.)— Corrofive Sublimate. In making fublimate, the quickfilver is extinguifhed by trituration in calcined vitriol. But Monfieur Lemery obferves, that bole armeniac and potters clay are cheaper, and extinguifh thi mercury fooner.

Jt has been faid, that to try whether fublimate has been h- phifticated with arfenic or not, it was to be rubbed with fait, or oil of tartar; and that if fophifticated, it would turn black. But Mr. Lemery agrees with Barchufen and goulduc, that thi; is no trial; for the fait of tartar has the

SU B

fame effect on the good and the bad fublhnaie. See MeitU de l'Acad. des Scien. 1734.

Dr. Kirften affirms that jub/ima'te, rightly prepared, becomes firft faffron coloured, and then red, when oil of tartar is dropped on it : whereas, if it is adulterated with arfenic, it becomes firft near the colour of brimftone, then red, after- wards am coloured, and laftly black. He is pofitive in this* notwithftanding what Barchufen and Boulduc have faid to the contrary. Commerc. Norimb. 1738. Hebd. 121 §. 2. An anonymous chemift affirms, that fublimate prepared with arfenic becomes at laft white, inftead of black, when touch- ed with oil of tartar. He fays, that in the fublimation of fweet mercury, where the corrofive fublimate has been adul- terated, the upper part is of an orange colour, and a white earth remains in the bottom, and the belly of the glafs becomes dark coloured, or fmoaky ; whereas, when the cor- rofive mercury is genuine, the upper part is white, the pow- der in the bottom is red, and the middle is not fmoaky co- loured. But the fweet mercury, prepared with genuine or adulterated corrofive, appears on every trial the farrie. Dr. Kramer relates the hiftory of a lad who fwallowed half an ounce of corrofive fublimate ; foon after which his mouth and ftomach were fo eroded, that he voided large quantities of blood, both upwards and downwards, with violent gripes, coklnefs of the extremities, ftartings of the tendons, and racking pain. A vomit was foon given ; not- withftanding which the fymptoms continuing, Dr. Kramer ordered mild drink, with large quantities of oil of tartar per deliquium in it, by which the fymptoms foon were mi- tigated, and the cure was compleated by giving theriaca an- dromachi, with terra figillata, and putting him into a warm bath. Commerc. Norimb. Blue Sublimate, a preparation of mercury with fome other ingredients, yielding a fine blue for painting. The me- thod of making it is this : take quickfilver two parts, flower of brimftone three parts, fal ammoniac eight parts ; grind thefe upon a porphyry, and with the quickfilver put them into a long-necked glafs veflel luted at bottom; place it in a fand-heat, and when the moifture is afcended, you will have a fine blue fublimate for painting. Neri's Art of Glafsj p. 164. SUBLIMIS, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus, Hu- naud, and others, to the mufcle of the wrift, called by others the perforates. See the article Perforatum. Thefe authors call the perforans the profundus. See the article Perforans, Cycl. SUBLINGU ALI A, a term ufed by fome authors to exprefs fuch medicines as were intended to be laid under the tongue, and gradually dinolving there.

Thefe have been principally intended either to cure coughs, or give a fweet fcent to the breath. SUB-MARSHAL, an officer in the Marfhalfea, who is deputy to the chief marfhal of the king's houfe, commonly called the knight marjhal, and hath the cuftody of the prifoners there, He is otherwife termed under marfhal. Crompt. Jurif. 104* Blount., Cotvel. SUBMARINE navigation. See the article Submarine Navi*

gation. SUBMERSION, fubmerfw. See Drowning. SUBMISSIO, a word ufed by medical writers to exprefs a remifiion.

Sometimes it imports the fame as fyflole with refpecl to the arteries, that is, their contraction. SUBPRINCIPALIS, in fome Latin writers of mufic, is ufed ■ for the note or chord called by the Greeks isa.^va,Tr. i farhypate. SUBPURGATION, fubpurgatio } a word ufed by fome writers

to exprefs a gentle purgation. SUBROTUND kafi among botanifts. Sec Leaf. SUBSCAPULARS, (Cycl.) a mufcle of the fame breadth and length with the fcapula, of which it occupies all the inner or concave fide ; and having its name from its fituation. It is thick, and made up of feveral penniform portions, nearly in the fame manner with the dcltoides. It is fixed in the internal labium of the whole bans, and in almoft the whole internal furface of the fcnpula; its flemy portions lying in the intervals between the bony lines, when thefe are formed. Near the neck they leave the bone, and form a very broad tendon, which is inferted in the furface of the fmall' tuberofity of the head of the os humeri, clofe by the bony channel. The lower edge of this tendon probably fends off the iigamentafy fr?enum, mentioned in the de- fcriptions of the latifliimis dorfi, teres major, arid coraco- brachial. This mufcle covers immediately the ferratus ma- jor, being in a manner inclofed between it and the fcapula : the upper edge of its tendon is joined to the lower edge of that of the fupra fpinatus, except at the upper part of thd bony channel, where they give paiTage to one tendon of the biceps. It likewife adheres to the capfular ligament. The tendons of the fupra fpinatus, infra fpinatus, teres minor, and fulfapularh^ being all joined by their edges, form a fort of cap, which covers the upper part of the head of the os humeri. #^«/Ws Anatomy, p. 184.

s SUBSIST-