Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/570

 ST R

STR

tight times all along the ftove. In thefe fiobls the plants are placed on fcaffolds, and benches of boards, raifed above one another; and the plants, principally preferved in thefe, are the aloes, cereufes, euphorbiums, tithymals, and other fuc- culent plants, which are impatient of moifture in winter, and therefore are not to be kept among trees, or herbaceous plants, which perfpire freely.

The bark ftoves are made with a large pit, nearly of the length of the houfc, which is three feet deep, and fix or fe- ven feet wide. This pit is to be filled with frefh tanner's bark to make a hot-bed, and in this the pots, containing the tender plants, are to be plunged.

This invention of tanner's bark for hot-beds has been of prodigious fervice to the curious in gardening, as many plants are, by this means, annually preferved and raifed, which no other method could have made endure our cli- mate.

The dimenfions of thefe Jloves muft be wholly directed by the number of plants intended to be preferved ; and for the dry JIovc, the floor muft be raifed above the furface of the earth, more or lefs, according to the drynefs or wetnefs of the foil. In the front there is to be a walk about twenty inches wide, for the convenience of walking. The fire- place may be made either in the middle, or at one end, and the furnace muft be contrived according to the nature of the fuel which is to be burnt there. The beft firing, when it can be had, is turfF, for it burns longer, and more mode- rately, than any other fuel, as alfo more uniformly, and therefore requires lefs attendance.

The entrance into the bark Jiove mould always be either out of a greenrhoufe, or the dry Jiove, or elfe through the ilied where the fire is made ; becaufe in cold weather the front glafi.es muft not, by any means, be opened, and the top mould be covered either with tarpaulins, or Aiding fhut- ters, in bad weather.

The tender fhrubs and exotic plants muft be plunged in their pots into the bark beds ; fuch are the cafhew, cabbage- tree, cocoa- tree, dumb-cane, fuftick, logwood, mancinel, papaw-tree, four-fop, and the like ; and upon the top of the flues may be fet the melon, thiftle, the tender cereufes, and the like.

The thermometer, by which the heat in the /love is regu- lated, muft always be hung with its back to the fun, and as far from the flues as may be. The proper ftructure of thefe fhelters, for the curious part of the vegetable creation, is to have a green-houfe in the middle, and two Jloves, and a glafs cafe, at each end. The particular rules for the ftruc- ture of all thefe, with plans of them, are accurately given by Mr. Miller in his Dictionary. Miller's Gardner's Dic- tionary.

STOWS, in mining, are feven pieces of wood, fet upon the furface of the earth, faftened together with pins of wood.

STOWING the hold. See the article Hold.

STRAIGHT, [Cycl.) in geography. See the article Fretum.

Straight, in the manege. To part, or go Jlraigbi, or right out, is to go upon a tread traced in zjlratgbt line. When you would pufh your horfe forwards, make him part Jlraight, without traverfing, or bearing fide wife.

Straight numbered, called in French droit fur les jambes. See the article Leg.

STRAIKS, in the military art, are ftrong plates of iron, fix in number, fixed with large nails, called Jlralk-nails, on the circumference of a cannon wheel, over the joints of the fellows, both to ftrengthen the wheel, and to fave the fel- ' lows from wearing on hard ways or ftreets.

STRAKE, in the fea phrafe, a feam between two planks ; as the garhoard-Jlrake is the firft feam next the keel. They fay alfo a fhip keels a ftrake ; that is, hangs or inclines to one fide the quantity of a whole plank's breadth.

STRAMONIUM, thorn-apple, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the infimdibuliform kind, and confuting of one leaf, and divided into feveral fegments at the edge. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed, in the manner of a nail, to the hinder part of the flower. This afterwards becomes a fruit of a round ifh figure, cch mated in moil: of the fpe- cies, and divided into four cells, containing feveral large feeds, ufually of a kidney fhape. The feptum, which di- vides the head or fruit, is of a cruciform fhape, and has four placenta;, to which the feeds adhere.

The fpecies of ftramonium, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. i. The round thorny-fruited ftramonium with fingle white flowers. 2. The round thorny-fruited ftramo- nium with double white flowers. 3. The round thorny- fruited ftramonium with fingle violet-coloured flowers. 4. The round thorny-fruited ftramonium with double violet-coloured • flowers. 5. The /Egyptian ftramonium with double flowers white within, and of a violet colour on the outfide. 6. The white-flowered ftramonium with an oblong prickly fruit. 7. The ^purple-flowered ftramonium with oblong prickly fruit. 8. The violet-flowered ftramonium with oblong prickly fruit. 9. The {harp long-thomed ftramom urn, called by au- thors ftramonium fcr ox. 10. The fmaller American ftramo-

mum with leaves like thofe of alkekengi, 11. The fmootli- fruited ftramonium of Malabar with fingle violet-coloured flowers. 12. The fmooth-fruited ftramonium of Malabar with double flowers. Tourn. Inft. p. n8.

STRANGALIDES, a word ufed by authors to exprefs hard tumors in women's breafts, ariling from coagulations of ob- ftructed milk after child-birth.

STRANGLES, in the manege, is a collection of foul hu- mors formed in the body of a young colt ; which are voided by the noftrils, or by a fuppuration of fome glands or knots, that lie between the bones of die lower jaw, and are crowded with impurities.

The falfe ftrangles happen in old horfes, that have not well caft the ftrangles.

STRANGULATIO, a word ufed to exprefs that kind of furTocation which is common to women in hyfteric difor- ders ; and for the ftraitning the intcftines in hernias.

STRANGULATORS, in the materia medica, a name by which Avicenna, and fome other authors, have called the doronieum, or leopard's bane. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

STRANGURY {Cycl.)— The vulgar generally underftand by this word the three feveral complaints, called by phyficians ftrangury, dyfury, and ifchury ; the differences of which are thefe.

The Jlrangury is properly and diftinaiy a difficult excretion of urine, which comes away by drops, with a fenfation of a fpafmodic pain about the fphincter and neck of the blad- der.

The dyfury is a difficulty of making water, attended with a violent attempt and preiTure of the parts. This fometimes has its origin from the kidneys, fometimes from the bladder. The ifchury is a total fuppreffion of urine for fome days, without the leaft drop being voided, or the patient's feel- ing the leaft ftimulus toward attempting to void it. Thefe three diftemperatures of the urinary organs, though very properly diftinguifhed by their feveral names, are, however, in reality all the fame in their origin, and differ only in degree.

In the Jlrangury, the difficulty of voiding the urine is fome- what tolerable, and is not attended with any fenfation of heat, but rather with a coldnefs ; and though the urine is voided only by drops, yet, as this is continual, there is more in quantity voided in this, than in the fame time in a dyfury. The Jlrangury feems a fort of middle complaint, combined of the two others, the difury and ifchury, and it differs in point of duration, being fometimes only a complaint of a few hours, and fometimes fixing itfelf upon the patient for a long time. Sometimes alfo it is idiopathic, and is properly a difeafe in itfelf; but fometimes it is fymptomatic, attending nephritic complaints of feveral kinds.

Phyficians alfo diftinguifh the ifchury into the proper, and improper: the firft is the denomination they give to this difeafe, when the bladder is full of urine all the time, and is fo diftended, that it brings on fpafmodic affections, which prevent the natural efforts for the excretion of it. The im- proper Ifchury is that in which there is no fuch fullnefs of urine, but this fluid is, by fome means, prevented from flow- ing as it ought into this receptacle. We muft be careful not to confound with thefe diftempers the natural imminu- tion of urine, which happens after copious fweats, or diar- rhoeas, in which a great quantity of wet ftools have been voided : this is diftinguifhed from thefe morbid affections, by its being attended with no pain, and always goin<r off of itfelf.

Sy?nptoms of a Strangury. Thefe are of frequent irritati- ons to make water, which are fucceeded either by a few drops, or a fomewhat larger quantity, according to the na- ture and violence of the cafe; there is always aYenfation of coldnefs while the urine is coming away, and a heat after- wards ; and the whole body is very frequently affected with fhiverings and fudden coldnefs.

In a dyfury, the difficulty of voiding the urine is great, and the pain violent; but in this cafe it does not go off as foon as the urine is voided, but continues afterwards. In the ifchury, while there is for feveral days together no attempt to the voiding any urine, if the complaint is in the bladder, the patient feels a weight and preifure upon the os pubis; but when the kidneys and ureters are in fault, the pain is felt in the loins ; and fometimes this is attended with heart-burnings, ifchiatic pains, and even with diforders of the ftomach, and actual vomiting; and if the caufe is fome inflammable tumor, which is not unfrequently the cafe, then the pains are very violent, and the body is all over preternaturally hot.

The dyfury more frequently attacks thofe who arc fubjedt to the ftone in the kidneys or bladder, or to other nephritic complaints, and fuch as have taken cantharides internally, and by that means brought on an erofion of the neck of the bladder ; fometimes, alfo, this becomes a fymptom in hy- fteric complaints.

The ifchury principally attacks young men, and moflly thofe of plethoric habits ; and thofe who have been t-)o free with hot medicines, ftrong liquors, and powerful diuretics.

Caufcs,