Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/569

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STOHE-cbatter, in zoology, the name of a fmall bird of the csnantbe, or fallow-finch kind, called by fome authors rubetra and mufdeapia, and in fome places the Jlonc-flnicb, and the moor-titlhig.

It is about the fize of the common linnet. Its beak is longifh, flrait, and fharp, and is black, as is alfo its mouth within. Its head is large, and in the male is black almoft all over, as is alfo the upper part of the throat ; but in the female thefe parts are variegated with black and brown. The neck is black, and marked on each fide with a white fpot, the two feen together looking fome what like a white rino-. The middle of its back is alfo black, but the extre- mities of the feathers are yellowifh. It has a white fpot juft above the rump. Its breafl is of a fomewhat reddifh yellow, and its belly white, with a faint caft of red. In the female, the feathers of the back and neck are of a fome- what wreenifh tawnv ) w ' tn black middles ; the upper part of the throat is grey, and the brcaft red. It is common on heaths, and makes a very loud, and often repeated noife. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 169.

SroNE-curlew, in zoology, the Englifh name for the eedicne- mus, a bird of the colour of the curlew. See the article CEdicnemus.

Sro^E-pbo/pborus. See Lithophosphorus.

Stone-/><W. See Lithophyton.

Sto^e- fl'dcb, a common Englifh name for that fpecies of cenanthe, which we more frequently call the Jl one-chatter. See the article §Tom-cbatter,

SrotiE-fucker, in zoology. See Petromyzon.

STONY land. The farmers exprefs by this term two forts of land, the one full of large flints and pebbles, and the other full of fragments of ixzzjtone, or other cozrfe Jlones. Thefe lands in many places yield good crops, and the ge- neral rule is, that in ftiff and cold lands the Jl ones mould be as carefully picked out as may be, but in light and dry grounds they fhould be left. In Oxfordshire they have great quantities of a lean earth, and a fmall rubble^s*, or a fower fort of land mixed with it ; thfe is fometimes very full of weeds, and fometimes very clear of them : if they are weedy they fallow them late, but if they be feary, as they exprefs it, that is, if they have no fwerd upon them, they either fold them in winter, and add fome hay-feed to the Iheep's dung, to bring up grafs, or elfe they lay old thatch or ftraw, and dung upon it; for they reckon, that if thefe lands have no fwerd upon them before they are fallowed, they will by no means be brought to bear a good crop, but a great deal of May-weed, and other unprofitable herbs. In September, November, and December, they fallow as the fwerd directs them : if this is done in either of the two laft months, they call it a winter fallowing, and never ftir it a°"ain till they plow it, and fow it with barley; and thefe la°nds are reckoned to do better than if finely tilled. They ■will bear wheat and meflin in a kindly year, and large crops of barley, if they are well managed, and kept in good heart.

They always fallow thefe lands every other year, unlefs they fow peafe upon them ; fometimes they fow them with lentils ; and when they are quite worn out, they lay them down for clover, or rey-grafs. Mortimer's Hufbandry, p. 71.

STOOL (Cyd.) — Stool, in mining, is ufed when the miners leave digging deeper, and work in the ends forward. The end before them is called the /loot. Houghton's Compl. Miner in the Explan. of the Terms.

Bloody Stools, in medicine. The fpirit of vitriol, mixed with the patient's drink, has often been found beneficial in cures of bloody Jlools.

Retention of the firjl Stools, in infants. See Infant.

STOP, in the manege, is a paufe, or difcontinuation of going. In order to Jlop a horfe, the rider mould, in the nrft place, bring to the calves of his legs, to animate the horfe, then bending his body backwards, raife the bridle-hand, without moving the elbow; then vigoroufly extend the hams, and reft upon the ftirrups, to make him form the times or mo- tions of his /top, in falcading with his haunches three or four times. You fhould not form the Jlops of your horfe fhort and precipitate, left you fpoil his hams and mouth. After flopping, a horfe fhould be made to make two or three corvets.

The oppofitc term to Jlop is parting. In former times, the Jlop of a horfe was called parade. See the articles Raise and Nails.

Half a Stop, is a Jlop not finifhed by a fefate ; fo that the horfe, after falcading three or four times upon the haunches, refumes and continues his gallop, without making pefates, or corvets. See the articles Pesate, Cor vet, &c.

Stop, at fea, a word ufed by him that holds the half-minute glafs, in heaving the log ; for immediately when the glafs is out, he calls flop to them that let run the line. See the article Stopping.

STOPPAR.OLA, in zoology, the name of a bird of the lark

' kind, defcribed by AlflVovandus, and fuppofed by Mr. Ray to be the fame with the fpipoletta, or the tordino of the Ve- netians. See the article Spipoletta.

STOPPER, in a ihip, a piece of rope having a wale-knot at

one end, with a lannier fpficed into it, and at the other end made faft in the place where it is to be ufed. Its ufe is to ftop the main-halliards, or the cable. The flapper for the halliards is fattened at the main-knight, and it ferves, when they are hoifing the main-yard, to flop it, that it don't run out too faff. They bind the wale-knot about the cable with the lanniers, and that flops it, fo that it cannot flip away. This ftopper is fattened to the bottom of the bits by the deck. The word is, lay on the ftoppers ; and a fhip is faid to ride by the ftoppers, when the cable is faftened, or tied only by them, and not bitted; but this is not fafe riding in a ftrefs of weather.

STOPPING (Cyd.)— Stoppping a leak, at fea. See Leak.

Stopping a Jhip, at fea. When a fhip comes to an anchor, and the cable is veered out by degrees till the fhip is found to ride well, and then flopped, it is czWvA flopping the Jhip.

STORAX (Cycl.) — The writers of the middle ages have greatly perplexed the hiflory of this drug in general. The true ttate of the cafe is this; all authors, of all times, have defcribed at leaft two kinds of florax, a dry and a liquid kind. The Arabians and Greeks have both joined to call the dry kind calami ta ; but neither the origin of that epithet, nor its true fignificatibn, have been confidered as they ought.

The florax ficca, or calamiia of the Arabians, was the worffc of all the kinds of florax ; it was only the refufe, after mak- ing the artificial liquid kind.

They fometimes boiled the fruit of this tree, and fometimes its bark, and out of both extracted a liquid florax ; and the remainder of both was faved under the name of dry, or ca- tamite florax. It is no wonder, therefore, that the catamite florax of the Arabians was the worft of all the kinds ; and as fuch the term is always to be underftood, when met with in the works of the Arabians.

On the other hand, when the Greeks would exprefs the very beft and fineft florax, they always do it by the terrrico- lamite florax. The two kinds of florax they mention, are the reddifh and the black. The latter was foul, and much lefs in efteem. The former was the fine pure florax, na- turally exfudating from the tree. This they fometimes called catamite, becaufe in the form of pieces of reed. The common opinion, in regard to this word, is, that it was an epithet given to the fineft florax, from its being put into reeds to be brought over with fafety : but this was not the cafe. The fineft of all florax, was that which volun- tarily exfudated from the tender twigs, and young fhoots of the tree: this fometimes coated over the whole twigs for an inch or two in length, and refembled a reed, or other hol- low cylindric body, drawn on over the twig. This was the origin of the name catamite^ or reed-like florax, given to this which was of the red ftorax kind, but finer than that of the trunk or larger branches, and approaching to a yel- lowifh hue.

Pliny gives even a ftricter account of the name than this : he fays, and that from the authority of authors of repute^ that the ftorax-tres being very fweet tafted, and very foft in the young wood, worms were very apt to get into the fhoots ; and that when they did fo, they would eat away all the woody matter, and leave only the bark. The florax t extravafated by thefe pun£lures, ufed to coat over thefe tubes* and they then exactly refembled pieces of reed artificially covered with fome gum.

According to this account, the name calamita was extremely appofite to that florax, and it had as much title to the epi- thet, in all appearance, as the adarce catamites, which always gathered about reeds, and was therefore fometimes fimply 1 called catamites. See Adarce.

STOREA, among the Romans, a kind of bafket made of ropes or rufhes, for gathering flowers or garden-fruits. Pitifc. Lex* Ant. in voc.

Store a was likewife a kind of defence, made of large cables fafhioned into a fort of nettings ; which was fo ftrong, that no weapon, though thrown out of an engine, could pene- trate it. See Pitifc. in voc. and Caf Bell. Civ. II. 9.

STORM-/tf£, in zoology, the name of a fmall bird defcribed by Hoier, and faid to be feen principally at fea, where it is looked on as a foreteller of bad weather. It is a little larger than the common fparrow, and is all over of a greyilh colour. It is very remarkable for its fkim- ming very fwiftly along the furface of the water. When large flocks of thefe appear, the mariners know they are to expect: zflorm, and prepare for it. Ray's Ornithol. p.- 306.

STORYNE, the name of an inftrument ufed by the antients for drawing blood from the nofe ; but we are not perfe&ly informed of its fhape or frructure.

STOVE (Cycl.)— Stoves, in gardening, are buildings erefled for the prefervation of tender exotic plants, which,- with- out that affiftance, will not bear the cold of our winter* becaufe they require an artificial warmth. Stoves are of two kinds, diflinguifhed by the names of the dry, and the bark flove.

The dry flove has the flues, in which the fmoak is carried,

either laid under the pavement of the floor, or erected in the

back part of the houfe over each other, and returned fix or

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