Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/565

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degree of heat is necefiary for working thcfe effects, and how much may be done by the continual attrition of the fibres, and by a proper, fluid., Artedi, Ichthyolog.

Stomach affiles. In examining with care the bodies of thefe little animals one may perceive, that when the paffage of the aliments is got beyond the lungs, and below the place where they form a fort of diaphragm, one finds the canal, that ferved for this paffage, forming a large, though fhort body, the diameter of which three or four times exceeds that of the canal itfeif. This body is compofed of three fiefhy lobes, and is unquestionably the ftomach of the animal. The inteftine goes out of it, very nearly from the. fame part where the other paffage is admitted into it; the inteftine then directs itfeif toward the anus, and afterwards runs up- ward again toward the diaphragm, or bottom of the lungs; and thence, after many convolutions, many times running backward and forward, it terminates in the anus. In caterpillars and butterflies, the canal from the mouth to the anus is only one ftrait inteftine, but it is much other- wife in thefe creatures,, the inteftines, both in the fly, and in the worm it is produced from, always making a number of contortions and convolutions..

Stomach-^. See Excutia wntr'uuli.

STOMACHICA febris, the famachic fever, a name given by Heifter, and fome others, to a fpecies of fever, called by others a mefenterk feyeri and by our, Sydenham nova febris

. in a peculiar treatife. See Intestinal fever.

STOMATICA, a term ufed by fome for all medicines ufed in disorders of the mouth.

STONE (Cyel.) — Some look upon fanes as unorganized vege- tables, and that they grow by the accretion of falts, which often fhoot into angular and regular figures. This, it is faid, appears in the formation of ■cryfrals .on the Alps ; and that /tones are formed by the fimple attraction and accretion of falts, appears by- the tartar on the inftde of a claret vef- fel, and efpeciall.y by the formation of a fane-'m the human body. Dr. Berkeley, Bi-fnop of Cloyne, in Philof. Tranf. N°48i. p. 326.. Stones are often corroded, and confumed by the air. Ibid.

. Naturalists vulgarly define /torn a foflil incapable of fulion, yet [tone has been known to be. melted, and when ■ cold to become [tone again. Philof. Tranf. N°48i. pr&ffv See

. the article Sciarri. Hence ft mould feem not impoffible for fane to be caft, or run into the fhape of columns, vafes, flatues, or. relievos ; which experiment: may perhaps, fome 'time or other, be at- tempted by the curious, who following where nature has fiiewii the : way, may ppflibly, by the aid of certain falts

. and minerals,, arriveat a method for melting and running Jione, both to their own profit, and that of the public. Phil. Tranf. N° cit. p. 3-28. Formed Stones, among naturalifts, : mineral, or fany matter, caft in the cavities of certain fea-fliells, or other parts of ma- . rine animals.

Of thefe fome. are found quite naked and bare ; others have the remainder of the fhell about them : and among- thefe there are alfo -found many real .{hells, fcarce at all altered from their recent ftate, buried at great depths in the earth, far from feas, and even on the tops of mountains. This is by molt fuppofedan effect of the general deluge, and by many is thought a convincing proof of .the truth of that

. hiftory; but there have been many who have afferted, that thefe bodies can convey no fuch proof, fince, as they affirm, they are> not,, nor ever were marine bodies, or owed their

places where they are found, having no relation to animals of any kind, but only accidentally refembling them. But the affertors of the former opinion have: plainly the better fide
 * form to fuch, but mere lufus natures, fanes formed in the


 * of the argument. See Marine remains..

It feems indeed contrary to the great wifdom.,:o£ nature,

. which is fountl, in all its- works and productions, to deftgn ' every thing to fome determinate end, that thefe bodies mould

" have been fo nicely formed by a mere plafiic virtue in the earth, or endued with all the characters and neceffary parts of animal coverings, &c. for no other end but merely to .exhibit fuch a -form,, without -haying any relation to the ufe's thefe particulars are appropriated- to in ; the animal. See the article Figured fanes.

. . But if the origin of the fanes, found in the fhape of (hells, be doubtful, yet the real {hells, found in .the earth, furcly cannot be fuppofed to have been formed there ; yet thefe are found at as great diftances from the lea, and that not only in the lower grounds and hillocks, but in the higheft parts of the loftieft mountains, and that without" the leaif particle of fany matter about them; mere (hells, unpetrified, and uncorrupted, and of the exact figure, ftructure, and con-

. fiftence with the fea-fhells, which are now living, of the fame fpecies.

Mentzel fays that the mount near Bologna, where the Bononian fane is found, abounds with thefe formed fanes : they lie in beds with ftrata of h n ^ Q f a y ar d thick, be- tween them, and are not lodged in fane, or any ceinen- titious matter, as we often find them in England, but are all loofe and. feparate : and Fabius Columna tells us that

sto

the hills about : Arrtria, in Apulia, abound with fa-fhells "!'", PemfiEd > b « whole and uncorrupt, and Iteming to have undergone no change. The mountains about GenoS

k u4 e dl° " tound f f of t,,cm ; and we havc in °» ™»

kingdom numerous inftances of them in all their dates fome teeming mere Jtone, and others perfid and unaltered (bells • fome loofe, and others bedded in marble, in ftone, or A indurated earth. .--":..*

That nature fhould form real (hells, without ever intending them for the covering of an animal, feems no way proba- ble i and indeed, were it true,' would give great ftrength to the atheifts opinion, that all things exifted by mere chance, and were intended for no end or ufe. Nor are the (hells the only inftances of thefe foffile bodies perfectly refembling animal ones, but we find with them other parts of animals! as the teeth of filhes and land animals ; which, though met with buried in earth, or on the tops of mountains, are plainly the fame with the fubftances produced bv the fifties, &c. Of this kind are the teeth of the feVerai fpecies of lharks, called gbJipUnx'; thofe of the wolf, fift, called bu- fimia ; the vertebra of feveral fifb, and the like. 1 he very infpeflion is abundantly fufficient to prove, that theie were once parts of animals; but were that infuffici- ent, they have not, even in this their foffile ftate, fo far di- verted themfelves of their -animal nature, but that they carry proofs of it ; and Columna has evidently proved their true origin from thefe. He obferves, that all animal and vege- table fubftances, whether of a woody, bony, or Befliy na- ture, hy burning, are changed firil into a coal, before they go into a calx or afhes ; whereas ftmy fubftances, on the contrary, do not burn into a coal, but are reduced at once into their calx or lime,, or elfe into glafs. But thefe teeth, fuppoitd by fome mere produflions of the earth, all burn firft to a coal, while the ftmy matter adhering to them does not ; whence alone it is fufficiently plain, that they and that fubftance are of very different kinds, and that they are truly of a bony, not a ftmy matter, i It is alfo repugnant to that great maxim, that nature does nothing' in vain, to fuppofe thefe teeth formed in the earth where they are now found, fince they coald there have no ufe as teeth, nor the verte- bra;, or other bones, as bones. It is very certain, thatna- ture never made teeth without a jaw, nor (hells without' an animal inhabitant, nor bones without the reft of the body they belong to ; thefe things, are. not made in this feparate and ufelefs ftate in the element to which they naturally be- long,, much lefs in a foreign one.

Their very fubftance and place alfo evince- plainly, that they were not formed where they are now depoflted ; for they are ufuaily- lodged in feme, mi /tones contain not- the matter of which they are made; and as to their place, they mud: be fuppofed to have been lodged there either when formed, which proves our aftertion, of elfe they muft have been at fome time either generated all of a hidden there* or have grown from a fmall origin, encrealing by little and little, as the animal fubftances which they imitate do. Now if the ftone, in which they lie, was formed before them, and they were formed all of a hidden in it, how came the cavity there juft correfponding to their fize > and if they grew by little and little, how could they force a cavity in the ftone, without burfting or cracking it ? Things that grow, expanding themfelves leifurely and (lowly, may indeed by degrees lift up great weights, and- dilate the chinks or cracks of ftatus ; but then they are fubjecl to va- rious contortions and alterations in their fhape, as we daily fee in the roots of trees, which make their way through the- cracks of /tones, and in common plants, whofe roots meet with hard matter in their way, receding from the fotm they would have in a loofe open foil, and conforming to that of the body that ftands in their way : thus, if foffile (hells and teeth were generated, and grew in hone, they muft be liable to contortions- and alterations in their fhape and figure, from the fhape of the cavities they found, or thehardnefs of the different matter they meet with in their progcefs-; but nothing of this kind appears, and it is plain they were generated elfewhere, and then buried in the ftrata of our fields, becaufe they are all of the fame exact and regular fhape, whether found loofe on the ploughed lands, buried in clay or marl, or lodged in beds of marble, or hard ftone. All of the fame fpecies are, in thefe feveral ma- trixes, of the fame exact form ; whence it evidently appears, not only that they were not produced where they are now found, but even that the ftrata were not hardened at the time when they received them.

It is alfo no fmall proof of thefe te,th being of marine -or animal origin ; that they are not regularly fhaped at the bafe, but are all broken, and that in various manners ; which proves very plainly, that there has been no vegetation in the cafe, becaufe in all other figured foflilsit is obferved, that they are never found mutilous, or imperfect. It cannot, with any (hew of reafon, be fuppofed, that thefe teeth were thus broken within the body of the ftone where they now lie, but is plain that they were lodged in the ftone at a time when it was foft, and were before that broken off from the jaw of the creature in this irregular manner.

It