Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/563

 STO

great readinefs and ncatnefs. The general rules} in building thefe boufeSi fhould be thefe.

The firft caution is to lay the floor aflope, not flat, where any wet work is to be performed; it Ihould alfo be well flagged with broad ftones, fo that no wet be detained in the crevices, but all may run off, and be let out at the drains made at the bottom and fides.

The fills ihould be placed abreaft on that fide of the fill- houfe to which the floor has its current. The largeft fills in Holland, for their greateft works, are never of that mon- ftrous fize that we fee them of in England, but much more manageable and handy, as feldom containing more than fix or eight hogDieads; and with fuch fills, a fingle hand will perform much more bufinefs than with one of a much larger fize. Fronting the fills, and adjoining to the back wall, fhould be a ftage for holding the fermenting backs, and thefe being placed at a proper height, may empty them- felves, by means of a cock and a canal, into the ftills, which are thus charged with very little trouble. Near this fet of fermenting backs Ihould be placed a pump or two, that may readily fupply them with water by means of a trunk, or canal, leading to each back. Under the pavement, adjoining to the fills, mould be a kind of cellar, wherein to lodge the receivers, each of which mould be furnifhed with its pump, to raife the low wines into the fill for rectification; and through this cellar the refufe wafh, or fill- bottoms, fhould be difcharged by means of a hofe, or other contrivance. Thefe are the principal things to be regarded in the erecting a full- houfe for the original produc- tion of fpirits, and if thefe rules arc well obferved, malt fpirit will be made with little more trouble than melaffes; for by this means the bufinefs of brewing and cooling the wafh, which, according to the method generally pra&ifed in England, takes up fo much time and trouble, is entirely faved, fermentation is carried on to a much greater advan-

. ta^-ei and the quantity of fpirit encreafed. Shaw's Effay on DHlillery.

STINT, in zoology, the name of a fmall bird common about the fea fhores in many counties of England, and feeming to be the fame with the c'mdus prior of Aldrovand, and the fchanidos, or junco of Bellonius, called by the French ahuette de mcr, the fea-lark.

It is fomewhat fmaller than the common lark, and in fliape refembles the fmaller fnipe. Its beak is black, ftender, and ftrait; its feet of a greenifh, or brownifh black; its back is a grey, variegated with oblong black fpots, and its wings fomewhat of a reddifh brown; its neck is grey, and its head variegated with black and a reddifli brown; its wings are long, and when folded reach beyond the end of the tail; and its rump is fomewhat reddifh with black ftreaks. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 226.

STIP vifch, in zoology, a name given by the Dutch in the Eaft-Indies to a fith of the clafs of our European ones which have two back fins, the anterior of which is prickly, the hinder not fo. Its fkin is fpotted, and its flefli very de- licate, and well tafted. It is generally caught by hooks. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 8.

STIRRUP, (Cycl.) in the manege. To loofe one's ft irrups, is to fuffer them to flip from the foot. The ft irrup-foot is the near, or left foot before. Stirrup-leather is a thong of leather, defcending from the faddle down by the horfe's ribs, upon which the ftirrups hang.

Stirrup-bearer, called in French parte etr'ter, is an end of leather made faft to the end of the faddle, to trufs up the firrup when the rider is alighted, and the horfe fent to the liable.

Stirrup of a /hip, a piece of timber put upon a fhip's keel, when fome of her keel happens to be beaten off, and they cannot come conveniently to put, or fit in a new piece; then they patch in a piece of timber, and bind it on with an iron, which goes under the fhip's keel, and comes up on each fide of the fhip, where it is nailed ftrongly with fpikesj and this they call a ftirrup.

STO./E, Trout, in antiquity, the porticos at Athens, Thefe were full of exedrse, clival, and fide-buildings, furnifhed with feats fit for ftudy or difcourfe. Here it is probable philofophers, and their fcholars, ufed to meet. Potter, Ar- chied. Graec. lib. 1. cap. 8. Tom. I. p. 38. See the article Exedrje, Cycl.

STOAKED, in a fhip. When the water in the bottom can- not come to the well of the pump, they fay, the Jhip is a- ftoak, or ftoaked : fo they fay alfo, the Umber holes are ftoaked, when the water cannot pafs through them; and that the pump is ftoaked, when fomething is got into it which choaks it up, fo that it will not work.

STOAT, in zoology, the name ufed by many for the animal whofe fkin is the ermtn. See the article Ermineum ani- mal.

STOC and fuvel, in our old writers, a forfeiture where any one is taken carrying fipites and pabulum out of the woods; for ftoc fignifies flicks, and_ ftovd pabulum. Antiq. Chart, ap. Blount.

STOCK of an anchor. See the article Anchor. Suppl. Vol. II.

STO

§T0CK.-bricks. See BRiCK-making.

SrocK-fi/h, in the fifh trader a rtarae given to the common cod-fifh when cured in a particular manner, which makes it neceftary to beat it with (ticks before it is fit for drefling. WUugbby's Hid. Pifc. p. 166. See Cov>-fiJh.

SrocK-fuly-fozuer. See the article Leucoium.

STOCFCER, in ichthyology, a name given by the Germans to the faurus of the antients, the trachurus of the later writers. It is a fpecies of the fomber, known among us un- der the name of the bwfe-maekrel\ and is diftinguifhed from the reft by Artedi, by the name of the fomber with .the lateral line prickly, and with thirty rays in the pinna ani.

STOCKS (Cycl.) — Stocks, among fbip-carpentersj a frame of timber and great pofts, made afhore to build pinnaces, ketches, boats, and fuch fmall craft, and fometimes fmall frigates. Hence we fay, a Jhip is on the ftods t when fhe is a building.

Stocks, appus, a wooden machine to put the legs of offen- ders in, for the fecuring of diforderly perfons, and by the way of punifhment in divers cafes ordained By ftatute, lf?c. And it is faid that every vil!, within the precinct of a torn, is indictable for not having a pair of ftocks, and fhall forfeit 5/. Kitch. 13.

STOMACACE, a word ufed by fome authors to exprefs a fymptom of the fcurvy, which is a fcetor of the mouth, with a forenefs and bleeding of the gums.

STOMACH {Cycl.)'- In order to underftand the a£Hon of the ftomach, in turning the aliments into chyle, we are firft to thoroughly confider its form. It is eafy toobferve, that the two orifices of the ftomach, the cefophagus, and pylorus, are not fituated exactly over^againft one another; but that if the ftomach be regularly divided longitudinally into two halves, the cefophagus will be found wholly in the anterior half, and the pylorus, in great part, in the pofterior. Near the infertion of the cefophagus there are two planes of mufcles, the one is placed near the bottom of the ftomach, and en- compaffes all that part of the cefophagus that is neareft that. part. This mufcle throws off obliquely feveral bundles of fibres, which run to the middle, both of the anterior and pofterior fides of the ftomach, and many of thefe extending even to the lower part of it, make what are there called the oblique fibres of the flomach. The other mufcular plane en- closes, in the fame manner, the other part of the mouth of the cefophagus, or that which lies toward the pylorus; this terminates on each fide near the bottom of the ftomach. Thefe two planes of fibres are, as it were, two flefhy bands about the mouth of the cefophagus, which crofs one another both on the upper and under part of the ftomach. The longitudinal fibres are very flender, and appear about art inch from the pylorus, extending themfelves along both the anterior and the pofterior fides of the ftomach, quite to the orifice of the cefophagus; and finally, they are inferted round about the pylorus by two ligamentary bands, which authors have generally paffed over without obferving; Thefe bands are much like thofe of the colon* and occupy all the length of the neck, and may be eafily diftinguifhed by the touchy and arc not difficult to be feen on bending the part in an in- flated ftomach.

The fibres of the bottom of the ftomach, when nicely exa- mined, are found to be circular* all compofing feveral fmall concentric circles, each feries of which is independent of all the reft. There is one of thefe circles placed juft in the center of the bottom of the ftomach, and from this the other circles fpread, being of feveral different diameters, accord- ing to the places where they ftand, and reaching to near the orifices where the flefhy fibres take another courfe, as before obferved. The bodies, called circular fibres of the ftomach, and fuppofed to part from the upper part of the fto- mach, clofe to one another, and taking the round of the ftomach to return thither again* are truly a number of fmall mufcles, or bundles of fibres, placed at fmall diftances from one another, no one of which ever reaches perfectly round the ftomach: from thefe feveral fmalier fibres are propagated in an irregular manner, which fill up the interftices of .the circular directions of thefe, and form a fort of net-like plex- us, between the fibres of which the nervous membrane of the ftomach is eafily feen. Thefe interftices, in general, are of a fort of lozenge fhape, and the whole of thefe fibres may be faid to conftitute a foit of mufcular net, enveloping the whole ftomach. All thofe bundles of fibres, or fmall mufcles, which are fituated below the upper orifice of the ftomach, or near about it, form together a plan, or feries, which runs in a ftrait line from the upper to the lower extremity of the ftomach; whereas, on the contrary, thofe which are placed about the middle of the ftomach feem to turn about, and form parts of circles, the convex part of all which ftands to- ward the bottom of the- ftomach: and finally, thofe which are placed about the neck of the ftomach are much bent, and their bending is always the greater, as they approach nearer to the pylorus. This appears to be the true figure and ar- rangement of the fibres of the ftomach; and as this is very different in many particulars, from the common accounts of anatomical authors, it was neceffary to give this at large, in order to underftand and explain the a£Uon of this part in 3 K k k the