Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/541

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SPURGE, in botany, the Englifh name of the tithymalus. See the article Tithymalus.

This plant abounds in a thin and fharp milky juice. On being wounded, it throws this out freely. It is clammy between the fingers, and though perfectly white when firft let out, it turns bluiih, on being held a while upon a knife or lancet, and has the colour and confidence of blue flam- med milk. If it be made up into cakes with flower, it feems greafy or oily, and never dries. Moft. of the milky juices of plants, as thofe of the wild lettuce, throatwort, and the like, readily break into curds and whey on being cxpofed to the air ; and in the firft of thefe, the whey is of a fine purple colour. The jpurge juice requires a long time Handing before it breaks, but at length it feparates, and the curd is tough and firm, and the whev clear as rock water. The whole is very corrupt and flunking at this time, and if the cake of curd be dried, it feems a fort of refin, and will break and burn like refin at a candle. Spurge-/,^™/. See the article Laureola. SpURGE-roer, in the materia medica. See the article Esulte

radix- SPURKETS, in a fliip, the fpaces in her fide betwixt the upper and lower futtocks, or betwixt the rungs fore and aft. SPURRE, in zoology, a name given by many to the bird more commonly called the jea-ftuallow, and by authors jlema. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 269. See the article Stem A. SPURRY, in Latin fpergula^ is fown in the Low-Countries twice in a fummer. The firft fowing is in May; thefe plants flower in June and July, and the feed is ripe in Au- guflr. The fecond time of fowing it is after the rye-harveft ; they ufually plow up the rye-grounds, and fow them with this feed to ferve the cows in winter, when the other forts of grafs are low or dead. The cows that feed on this ,plant are found to yield better milk, and finer butter is made from it, than from that of cows feediag on any other pa- iture. Poultry alfo are very fond of eating this plant, and the farmers in fome places have an opinion, that it makes them lay the more eggs. Mortimer's Hufbandry, p. 43. SPYRUS, the dung of goats. This is ufually found in (mail round manes, and is recommended by Hippocrates as a fu- migation in difeafes of the womb. SQUACCO, in zoology, the name of a large bird of the heron kind. Its head and neck are variegated with black, white, and yellow, and it has on the back part of its head a cruft of the fame colour. Its back is of a ferrugineous yellow ; its breaft and belly are white, a» are alfo its wings and tail, at leaft in great part ; and its legs are green. It is a bold and fierce bird. Aldrovand. de Avib. p. 400. SQUAIOTTA, in botany, the name of a bird of the heron kind. Its beak is yellow, but blackifh at the extremity ; its legs are green ; its head is variegated with grey and black ; and its back very elegantly with white and red. It feems to have had its name from its note, which it often repeats in flying. Aldrovand. de Avibus. SQUALIUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Pliny to the chub. Varro, and others of the old writers, have called it cepbalus and fqualus, and the Italians at this time call 'Ytfqua- glio ; it is wrong, however, to adapt any generical name to a flfn, which is itfelf but a genuine fpecies of an already eftabliftied genus. This is properly a fpecies of the cyprini, and is mentioned as fuch by Artedi. SQUALLEY, a note of faultinefs in the making of cloth.

4.3 Eliz. cap. 10. Blount-, Cowel. See Rewey. SQUALUS, in the Linnaean fyftcm of zoology, the name of a diftinct, genus of fifties, of the general order of the chon- dropterygii. The characters of this are, that the body i; oblong, and the apertures of the gills are five on each fide Of this genus are the galeus, lamia, zygasna, &c. Llnnai Syft. Nat. p. 52.

The characters of this genus, according to Artedi, are thefc. The foramina, or apertures of the bronchia, are five on each fide, and they are placed longitudinally from the head to the pectoral fins ; the head is depreffed ; the body ob- long, and either rounded, or longifh and angular ; the fkin is rough; the eyes are placed at the fides of the head; and the upper part of the tail is longer than the under. The mouth in moft of the fpecies is placed in the under part of the head, and opens tranfverfely. The fpecies of this ge- nus are thefe.

Of thofe which have granulous teeth are the following. I. The fqualus with a long- pointed and bony fnout, flatted and denticulated at each fide. This is the priftis, or faw- iifh. 2. The fmooth fqualus with granulous teeth. This i: the galeus la?vis, or fmooth hound-nth. Of thofe which have ftiarp teeth, and a prickly back, tin following are the fpecies. 1. The fqualus with no pinna ani, and with a rounded body. This is the galeus acantheus of authors, or the prickly dog-fifh. It has three rows of teeth on each fide. 2. The fqualus with no pinna ani, with the noftrils placed at the extremity of the fnout. The back of this is flat, and the belly rough and brown. 3. The fqualus with no pinna ani, and with a triangulate body. This is the centring of authors. This has three rows of teeth in

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the upper jaw, and only one row in the under. 4. The Jqualus with no pinna ani, and with the mouth placed at the end of the head. This is the fquatina of authors, the monk- ntn, or angel-hfh, by fome called the mermaid. It has three rows of teeth m each jaw, the whole number amounting to one hundred and eighty, or thereabout. Of thofe fquali which want the pinna d-.rfi, the following are the fpecies. 1. The fqualus with a broad and tranfverfe head, fhaped like a hammer. This is the i$gam of au- thors, the balance-fifh, or hammer-headed fliarki This has three or four rows of teeth in the jaws, and oblong holes near the eyes. 2. The fqualus with a tail longer than the whole body. This is the fifh called by authors the vulpeS marinus. The tail is falcated, and refembles a fword id fome degree. 3. The fqualus with the noftrils placed near the mouth, and with two fmall foramina near the eyes. This is the gains earns of authors. It is called in Cornwall a tape. It grows to five feet long, and weighs an hundred pounds. 4. The fqualus of a reddifh variegated colour, with the pinna ani at a middle diftance between the anus and the fin of the tail. This is called the eatulus major, and in • England the bounce. 5. The fqualus with the variegated back, and with the belly fins growing together. This is the eatulus minor of authors, and is called the rough hound, or the mergay. 6. The grey fqualus with the ventral fins not joined together. This is the eatulus maximus of authors. 7. The fqualus with a triangular hollow in the extremity of the back, and no foramina about the eyes. This is the galeus glaums of authors, or the new fhark. 8. The fqualus with a flat back, and with numerous teeth ferrated at the edges. This is the canis eareharias, or common ihark. It is the largeft of all the fquali, often growing to fuch afize, as to weigh a thoufand pounds. The fnout is long. The teeth aie for the moft part ferrated, and there are fix rows of them above, and as many below, though fometimes they are fewer. The two backhns are placed, one in the middle of the back, the other very near the tail. The fkin is rough. Arteili Gen. Pifc. p. 44. Squalus is alfo a name given by Varro, Columella, Salvianj and others, to a fpecies of the cyprinusj diflinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the oblong cyprtnus with long fcalesj and with the pinna ani containing eleven rays, and com- monly known with us under the name of the chub, of chevin. The generality of authors call it capita and cephalus, but it is very improper to give diftinfl generical names to fifh, which are genuine fpecies of other genera. The name fqualus is originally Latin; it is ufed by Pliny, and many other of the old Roman authors, and is derived from the word fqualor, becaufe this fifh is found to delight in impure and dirty places. SQUAMIS, in ichthyology, a name given by Albertus, and others, to the fifh called by us the monk, or angel-fjh, by the generality of authors fquatina, and by the old Greek writers thine.

It is a fpecies of the fqualus, and is diftinguiihed by Artedi by the name of the fqualus with the mouth at the end of the fnout. See Squatina. SQUAMMOSE-rKte. See the article Staik. SQUAMMOSE-rwr, among botanifts, one compofed oh; or co- vered with leffer flakes. See Root. SQUARE (Cycl.) — Square, in glafs-making, an inftfument with which the conciator, or founder, ft irs and mixes to- gether the metal when in fufion in the melting-pots. When this inftrument is grown red-hot, it is always to be quenched in a pail of water, otherwife the fnetal will flick to it.- Neri's Art of Glafs, p. 240. Square, in the manege, is ufed for working iri »^mk. The pifte or tread of a volt, inftead of being always circular, and traced upon a circumference round a center, ought to be imagined as if it formed four ftraight equal lines laid in a fquare, and equally removed from the center, or the pillar,- which reprefents it in the middle of the manege-ground ; fo that to work in a fquare, is to ride along each of thefe four lines, turning the hand at every corner, and fo paffing from one line to another. Square, in the fea language, is to fet even. Thus they fay, fquare the yards ; that is, let them right acrofs the ftiip. See the article Yard. SQUARTIA, in ichthyology, a fpecies of fifh found in the Eaft-Indies, the fkin of which makes the fhagreen. Hofm. Lex. in voc. See Shagreen. SQUATAROLA, in zoology, a name given by the Veneti- ans to the grey plover, or pluvialis einerea. See the article Pluvialis. SQUATINATORIA, in zoology, a name by which fome authors have called the rhinobatus, a fea fifh of a fort of middle nature between the monk-fifh, or angel-fifh, and the ray. Willuglby, Hift. Pifc. p. 79. See the article Rhi- nobatus. SQUATINA, the monk-fifh, called alfo in Italian the pefie angelo, and thence in Englifh the angel-fiflo. It is of a middle fllape, between the long and flat cartila- gineous fifb.es, being much broader than the galei, and

rounder