Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/526

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the entire deftrucHon &f the bone, if the abfeefs does no' burft of itfeif, the furgeon fhould not flay for its mature tlon, but lav the bone bare in the loweft, or in the roof painful part.' When the abfeefs is already burft, it the open- ing be too fmall, it muft be enlarged with a kmte, or n the patient too much dreads the knife, tiie cauftic may fup- ply its place ; and after this feveral fmall holes muft be made in the bone with a fmall piercer, perforating it inU the medulla, to give way for the difebarge of the confined matter; and when thefe fmall holes are not fumcient, a larger muft be made by the trepan, if the bone will admit it : this will not only make more way for the difcharge of the matter, but will alfo give room for the proper application of remedies better than any Other method. While this is under cure, the patient mull ufe internally the decoctions of the woods, and mild mercurial, and an- timonial medicines ; and externally the wound muft be treated with cleanfins:, and balfamic remedies, fuch as de- co&ions of acrimony, fahicle, St. JohH's wort, or birthwort. and efience of myrrh and aloes. Thefe fhould be inje&ed warm with a fyr'inge twice every day, as may alfo a folu- tion of mercurius dulcis made in plantanc- water, or in lime- water. Honey of rofes fhould be added in a fmall quantity to either of the deco&ions, ufed as effences; and after the ufe of them, the wound fhould be dreffed with the before- mentioned effences, or with thofe of maftich or amber, fpread upon lint, and covered with a mercurial, or other platter : this method is to be continued till the parts are healed. The actual cautery is fometimes ncceffary to root out the diforder, efpecially when it is only between the la- mella? of the bone, for in other cafes there is no getting to the bottom with it. But when all thefe methods are unfuccefsful, and the part is already too much corroded and deftroyed, there is no hope of faving it, nor indeed of faving the life of the patient, by any other means than the taking off the limb. When the diforder is fituated, however, in fome fmall bone, as on the carpus, tarfus, meta-carpus, or meta-tarfus, or fingers, it will not always be neceflary to take off the whole limb. that is to fay, the finger, foot, or hand, but it will frequently fuffice to remove the corrupted bone alone. In larger bones, where the whole bone is not affected, but only a part of its external furface is difordered by either a caries, or fpina ventofa, the whole limb is by no means to be taken off, but the difeafed part of tfce bone only removed ; but when a large bone, as the os humeri, tibia, or femur, or an entire joint of the arm, knee, or foot, is difeafed, there is no remedy but am- putating it in the found parts juft above. Heijler'% Surgery, p. 264.

Dr. Schlichting affirms, that the fjtna ventofa may be cured by rubbing the tumor twice a day with ung. Neapolit. preventing falivation by gentle cathartics. Phil. Tranf. N°466. feft. 10.

It appears lifcewife, from a cafe related in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, that amputation of the limb is not always ne- ceffary. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 480.

SPINACHIA, fpinacb, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flowers are of the apetalous kind, confiding only of a number of fta^ mina. Thefe flowers are alfo barren, and the embryo feeds are found on fuch parts, or different plants of fpinacb, as have no flowers. Thefe finally become feeds of a turbinated form, and are contained either in a capfule of the fame fi- gure, or elfe in a cornuted or angular one. The fpecies of fpinacb, enumerated by Mr. Tourneforr, are thefe. 1. The common fpinacb with prickly feed-vcffels. 2. The common barren fpinacb. 3. The procumbent Cretic fpinacb with echinated capfules. And 4. the common fpi- nacb with fmooth capfules. Town. Inft. p. 533. The common fpinacb, intended for winter ufe, fhould be fown on an open fpot of ground in the latter end of July, obferving to do it, if poffible, when the weather is rainy. When the young plants are come up, the weeds muff be de- ftroyed, and -the plants left at about five inches afunder. The ground being kept clear of weeds, the fpinacb will be fit for ufe in October. The way of gathering it to advan- tage, is only to take off the longeft leaves, leaving thofe in the center to grow bigger ; and at this rate a bed of fpinacb will furnifh the table for the whole winter, till the fpinacb fown in fpring is become fit for ufe, which is common in April. Mii/cr's Gard. Diclr.

Spinachia, in zoology, a name given by fome authors to our common flickleback* or barnftickle, mote ufually known among writers by the names pugnititis, or aculeatus pifiiculus. Qefner, de Aquatil. See the article Pugnitius.

SPINALIS (Cyr/.)— -Spinalis cervicis, in anatomy, a name given bv Albinus to a mufcle ot the neck, called by Fal- lopius the tsritum par mufculbrttm dorfi, and by Cowper and Morgagtii fpindlh colli.

This is the mufcle which the French anatomifts call les ver- td-raux exter'nes du demi-epineux, ou le tranfverfaire epineux du col. See Transversalis, &c.

Spinales c-lli minores, mufcles lying between the fix fpinal apophyfes of the neck, and between the laft of the neck

and firft of the back ; being inferted in thefe apophyfes by both extremities on one fide of the pofterior cervical liga- ment, which parts them from thofe of the other fide. They are like wife termed interfp'tnales. V id. Winjiow's Anat. p. 244.

Spinalis dorfi, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus to a mufcle of the back, figured by Euftachius Tab. 37. and called by Fallopius quintiparis dorfi mttfeuhrum pars implan- iata in jpinas vertebrarum thoracis.

Others, as Spigelius, have called it a part of the femifpi- natuS) and others a part of the longijfimus dorfi. The French have named it le grand spineux de dos. See the articles Se- mispinatus and Longissimus dorfi.

Spinalis dorfi major, a pretty long and flender mufcle, lying upon the lateral part of the extremities of the fpinal apo- phyfes of the back. It is compofed of feveral mufcular faf- ciculi of different lengths, which croffing each other, are inferted laterally by fmall tendons in the fpinal apophyfes from the fecond, third, or fourth vertebra: of the back; and fometimes, though feldom, from the laft of the neck, or firft of the back, all the way to the firft or fecond ver- tebra of the loins, with feveral irregular decuffations, which vary in different fubjc<£ts. The longeft fafciculi are all a little incurvated, and the whole mufcle terminates in points at its ends, but is coniiderably broad in the middle. It communicates by fome fibres with the Iongiffimus dorfi, and femifpinalis, and fends off fafciculi to feveral tranfverfe apophyfes of the back, from the fourth to the eleventh. It is called by fome femifpinalis, but very improperly. Win- flow's Anatomy, p. 247.

Spinales dorfi minores. Thefe mufcles are of two kinds ; fome go laterally from the extremity of one fpinal apophyfis to another, being often mixed with the fhort fafciculi of the fpinalis major; the reft lie dire&ly between the extremities of two neighbouring fpinal apophyfes, being feparated from thofe on the other fide by the fpinal ligament. Thefe are fmaller and thinner than thofe of the neck, and are pro- perly enough termed interfpinaks. Win/low's Anatomy, p. 248.

Spinales et tranfverfales lumborum. There are fome fafciculi which run up from the fuperior falfe fpines of the os facrum to the lower fpinal apophyfes of the loins, which may be looked upon as fo many fpinales lumborum majores ; and there are alfo fome fpinales lumborum minores between the fpinal apophyfes of the loins, and tranfverfales minores between the tranfverfe apophyfes, which are fometimes of a confiderable breadth. Winjlow's Anatomy, p. 249.

SPIN ARE LL A, in ichthyology, a name given by Bellonius,-> and fome other authors, to the little fifh called by us the kfifer flickleback, and diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the gafierofieus with ten fpines on the back. See the article^ Gasterosteus.

The fize is an uncertain mark, but this number of the fpines wholly determines the fpecies, the common gaflero- > fleus, or ftickleback, havjng only three.

SPINATUS, in anatomy, a name given by Riolanus, and others, to a mufcle of the neck, called by Albinus fpinalis colli, and by Window, and the other French writers, les vertebraux externes du demi-epineux, ou tranfuerfaire epineux du col. See the articles Spinalis and Transversalis.

SPINDLE (Cycl.) — Spindle, in mining, is a piece of wood faftened into either flow-blade. Houghton's Compleat Miner in the Explan. of the Terms. Seethe article Stows. Thefe flows give a miner, or any other perfon that owns them, as good a right to a meer or meers of ground, (fo that every meer have a pair of flows fet on them) as a deed of conveyance doth to any purchafer. Houghton, ibid.

Spindle, in fhip-building, a part of the capftan. See the article Capstan, Cycl. and Suppl.

SPINE {Cycl.) — This takes in all that order of bones which follow one another without interruption, from the os occi- pitis downward along the pofterior part of the trunk. It reprefents a very compound folding pillar, round on the forefide, and on the backfide fluck full of prickles or points, rcprefenting fo many fpines. It has a canal in the middle through its whole length, into which a great number of holes open on each fide. When it is viewed directly on the forefide or backfide, it appears ftrait, and to be made up of different portions of pyramids, in a contrary fituation to one another; but viewed fideways, it prefents feveral diffe- rent curvatures. The pieces which compofe the fpine are of two kinds, one fimple, the other compound ; the fingle pieces are generally twenty four in number, called by the name of vertebra ; the compound pieces are two, the os facrum and os coccygis. The fingle fpecies are alfo called true vertebra, to diftinguifh them from the portions which compofe the other two, which are caUedfe/lft vertebra:. The true vertebra? are divided into three clafles, viz. [even of the neck, twelve of the back, and five of the loins; and to thefe are given the names cervical, dorfal, and lumbar. IVinflaw's Anatomy, p. 53.

This bone, when felt through the integuments, feems fome- times divided, and has given rife to the notion of a fp- na bifida, or bifurcation of the fpine. But fome doubt of the ' exigence