Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/505

 SOL

Me

, Acad. Par. ifl'i. See the

fave itfelf in Its old way,

article Dactylus.

Klein, and fome others, have given the name folen to the

feveral fpccies of tubuli marini.

The word is derived from the Greek, o-ato, tuhulus. Of

thefe there are feveral genera, diftinguifhed by their proper

characters.

i. Solen lignorum, the wood tubule. This is a tubulus ma-

rinus, or fhelly cafe of a fea-worm, of a white colour, not

cut, of the thickncfs of a goofe-quill, more or lefs, and very

irregularly bent and contorted.

2. Solen arenarius, the fand tubule. This is defined to be a. tubulus tnarinus, in form of a very long tube, which is thick, jointed, and gradually tapering from one end to the other, and divided into new pipes of the fame kind. Klein, de Tub. Mar. p. 12.

3. The folen anguinus, or fnake tubule. This is defined to be a tubulin marinus, which is variously bent and waved, in the manner of a fnake. Of tbefe there are feveral fubdivifi- Oris; fome are fmooth, and terminate in a beautifully twilled end ; others are varioufly and very elegantly folded, and others are of a triangular form, and are triangular tubes terminated at one end with a number of flight obtufe notches or teeth, as they are called by fome; and finally, fome are found with a fifliire running down their whole length, and regularly marking the middle of all their fnail- Iike volutions. Klein, deTub. p. 3.

4. The folen vermieularis, or worm tubule. Thefe are di- ftinguifhtd from the others by being very long, and folded like our large earth-worms. Of tbefe alfo there are feveral kinds; fome defcribed by Rondeletius, Johnfon, and other authors, under the name of worms hiding themfelves in tubes, vermes in tubulis deliufentes. Thefe are of a cylindric figure, white, rough on the outfide, but very fmooth with- in, and are fometimes perfectly {trait, fometimes crooked and folded. Within thefe fhells the exuviae of the animal- inhabitant may be often diftinguifhed. Klein, de Tub. p. 4. Others of thefe are of an angular figure, often trigonal, and not unfrequently thefe are found twified into beautiful fpiral lines.

Others, from their fimilitude to the inteftines of fmall fifh, have been called mfiera pifcium by authors. Thefe are ufu- ally fomewhat rough, and lie hid in the mud, under and among the rocks: they are commonly of an earth colour, or dufky brown.

Others are fo tough and foft as to be flexile ; thefe refemble an earth-worm, or the gut of fome fmall animal in form, and are of a rough fandy conftruction, and often are found above a foot long.

Others are fmall, lightly flxiated, or cancellated, and ufu- ally of a reddifh colour ; and finally, others are very fmall, perfectly white, and often turned like a nautilus: thefe are very common on almoft all marine bodies, being fometimes found adhering to the leaves of .the fea-fucufes, often to fhells of various kinds, and very frequently to the claws of lobffers, &c.

5. The folen corallorum, or coral tubule. This is a very capacious tubule, refembling parts of the thicker and larger inteftines, whether empty or fluffed ; and are at one end af- fixed to the rocks, particularly to thofe on which the corals are found, and open at the other. Of thefe there are two principal kinds, the one fmooth, the other corrugated or wrinkled. Of the fmooth ones fome refemble a boot in fi- gure, and have been called ocreati, and boot-fiells ; others are low and vaulted, and refemble the hollow of an oven; thefe alfo, for this cafe, have been called clibaniformes. Klein, de Tub. p. 5.

6. The folen phalloides, or tubule refembling in figure the membrum virile. This is a large, white, and fmooth tu- bule, much refembling in figure the part from which it has its name. It frequently refembles a fort of thick root, and at its lower end there {lands out a fort of fiphunculus, which is perforated. Lifter has defcribed this under the name of phallus. Klein, de Tub. p. 6.

7. The folen fragility or brittle tubule. * This is diftinguifhed from the reft by its fragility, being compofed, in a manner, only of loofe fand, and always falling to pieces with a flight touch. Of thefe fome are of a finger's length, rough on the outfide, and fmooth within, {lender, and ufually found full of water ; others have a great deal of fand in their compofi- tion, but are fo contrived, that they are fmooth both with- in and without, and pellucid. Klein, de Tub. p. 7.

SOLE, in the manege, is a nail or fort of horn under a horfe's foot, which is much more tender than the other horn that incompafles the foot, and by reafon of its hard- nefs is properly called the horn, or hoof. A horfe's fhoe ought to be fo fet upon the hoof, as not to bear upon the

,- file ; for otlierwife the file would be hurt, and not only make the horfe lame, but corrupt the flefh that feparates it from the coffin-bone.

To take out the fole, is to do it without touching the horn of the hoof; for if you take off the horn, you make a hoof- cajl. We take out the file for feveral infirmities, as may be feen in Mr. Solleyfel's Compleat Borfeman. A horfe that is unfiled^ may recover in lefs than a month.

SOL

High-fled, called in French pied comblc, is (aid of a horfe whofe file is round underneath; fo that it is higher than the hoof, aiid oftentimes makes the horfe halt} and hinders the fhoeing of him, unlefs the fhoe be vaulted.

SOLEA, the foal-fijh, a well known fifh', and much eftcemed at table.

It is diftinguifhed from the fifh of the plaife-kind, in that it is of a longer and narrower fhape. Its upper part is of a blackifh grey, its under, or belly* white. It is covered. with fmall fcales, armed at their extremities with a fort of fhort prickles. The fins that furround the body are all in- clined from the head toward the tail. The eyes are fmall, and covered with a loofe fkin. The pupils are of a fine bright green. It is a firmer fifh; by much, than the plaife. It is common in the Mediterranean, Engliih* and German feas. Willughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 100.

SOLFEGGIAMENTO, in the Italian mufic, compofitions, of which the fyllable ut, ox do, re± mil fa, &c. are the fub- ject. See SoLfeggiare.

SOLFEGGIARE, Solfizare, or Solmizare, inthelta- lian mufic, is the ufing the fyllables do, re, mi, fa± &c. in learning to fing, otherwile called folfaing. See the article

SoLFAtNC, Cyd.

From this muficians have made what is called a filfiggia- mento, which properly intimates no more than the practice abovementioned ; but the name is more particularly applied to certain compofitions, be they fugues, or others, of which ' thefe fyllables are the fubject. Several very fine pieces of this kind are extant. Broffard.

SOLFIZARE, in the Italian mufic. See the article Sol- feggiare.

SOLID body in geometry, that which has three dimenfions, length, breadth, and thlcknefs. Ozan. Diet. Math. p. 117. Wolf, Eleni. Geom. feet. 421.

Such are prifms, cubes, fpheres, parallelopipeds, cylinders^ cones, pyramids, isc. Wolf, lib. cit. cap. 2. p. 186. See each under its proper article, Prism, Cube, Cylinder, &c. Cyd.

For the ratio of geometrical filids, all prifrhs, parallelopi- peds, cylinders, pyramids, and cones, are in a compound ratio of their bales and altitudes: fo.that if the bafes be equal, they are in the firriple ratio of the altitudes ; or, if the altitudes be equal, of the bafes. And as the bafes of cy- linders and cones are circles, and circles are in the duplicate ratio of their diameters, it follows that all cones and cylin- ders are in a ratio compounded of the direct ratio of their altitudes, and the duplicate one of their diameters* Wolf, Elem. Geom. feet. 510, feq. Ejufd. Elem. Anal. feet. 106.

Regular Solid, See the Cyclopaedia.

Irregular Solid, a folid which is not terminated, or contained under equal and fimilar furfaces. Wolf, lib. cit. feet. 428. Ozan. Diet. Math. p. 120.

The folidity of a regular body is eafily found from principles of geometry c ; for that of irregular bodies, mechanical me- thods are ufed : one is by putting the body in a hollow pa- rallelopiped, and filling up the remaining fpace with water or fand ; then taking out the body, and obferving the heighth to which the water or fand rife alone d. This gives us a parallelopiped, equal to the given body, whofe folidity is eafily found.— [ c Wolf, lib. cit. fed. 497. d Ibid. feet. 498,] See the article Parallelopiped.

Solid root, among botanifts, exprefTes the whole root to be one uniform lump of matter. See the article Roo'T.

SOLEIL de mer, in zoology, a name given by the French writers, and by Rondeletius, to a peculiar fpecies of ftar- fifh, of a fmall fize, the legs of which refemble very much the tails of lizards, and are very brittle. Gefner defcribes alfo a fpecies under the name of the fea- moon, luna marina, which he fays is remarkably fragile, and which, from what elfe he has faid of it in its description, appears alfo to be the fame creature. The great character, however, of the creature's legs refembling, both in colour and figure, the end of the common brown land-newt's tail, is fo exprefTwe, that it cannot but be always known by it.

Thefe rays are fo extremely friable, that it is fcarce poflible to touch them without their breaking, and they are not be- ftt with points in the manner of the common rays of the creatures of this kind : their upper furface is rounded, and covered with a fort of circular fcales ; the under furface is, in the fame manner, covered with fcales, but it is fiat : thefe fcales alfo differ in figure, being only fegments of circles, whereas the others are compleat rings ; thofe on the under- fide are beautifully arranged, in an alternate order, of two and one all the way along the rays.

The other rays of flar-fifhes being furnifhed with many hundred legs, and thefe wanting them entirely, it follows, that in this fpecies the rays themfelves muff fupply the place of !eos, and affift the creature in walking; and thence its manner of walking muft neceffarily be different from that of any other kind. Thefe rays are five in number, and are inferted very near the mouth of the creature, which is al- ways placed in the center of the ftar : the part where this aperture it fituat-;d, ?.nd which may be called the body of

the