Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/503

 SOL

S OL

marl makes a great improvement in them, and there is a ftiff yellow kind of clay, that moulders with the froft, that anfwers the fame purpofe. Whatever amendment is beftowed upon this fort of land by dung, and other enrich- ing things, that do not abfolutely alter the nature of the earth, lafts but a little while. Thefe lands bind very much after rain, and turn whiter; no froft will diflblvc the clod, and if they are newly plowed up, and never fo much rain comes on them, people may walk or ride over them almoft as firm as over gravel. If they are not frequently plowed, they are very fubjecT: to worms, which deftroy the winter corn. They yield but poor crops in wet years; the weeds are generally very rank, and the wheat runs all into ftraw. Plowing is a great improvement of them, they always grow well the year after it. Thefe lands are to be ordered for corn in the fame manner with the clay land, only as they are rank, and carry the crop much into ftraw, it is beft to dung them on the etch crop, and to fow them with barley, and never to dung the fallows. Where the farmer has not a mind to plow them, but keep them for grafs, they mould be mowed one year, and then kept fhort fed with fheep, which will in time fweeten theiri very much. The red fandy lands in Northamptonfhire are of this kind; they will not hold manure, fo they plow but once for the year's crop, which is juft before the fowing-time, and manure juft be- fore they plow it; for if they plow it oftener, and manure it fooner, they find a great quantity of the beft mould waihed away below the furfacc, and out of the reach of the roots of the corn.

In Oxfordfhire they have a fort of red land, which they begin fallowing as foon in the year as they can, before the fun is too high: if it is moderately mo'ift, when fallowed, they efteern it the better, but it fhoukl not be too wet. They feldom give it a fecoiul (lining, and they reckon that if it is too fine and light, it runs to weeds. Mortimer\ Husbandry, p. 73. ' Soil, in fome parts of England, is ufed as the name for the phoca, or fea-calf. See Phoca.

This creature, in Cornwall, they frequently find flecping on the fhore, and kill him ; fomctimes by (hooting, fome- times by ftriking over the head with long poles. He defend: himfelf, when on fhore, by throwing ftones backward with great violence. Ray's Englifh Words, p. 107. SOJOURNERS, among the Athenians, were permitted to dwell in the city, and follow their own bufinefs, without disturbance, provided they obferved all the laws and cuftoms of the country ; but were allowed no mare in the government. However, they were not allowed to act any thing, or ma- nage any bufinefs in ihcir own names, but were obliged to c'hoofe out of the citizens one, to whole care and protect i- on they would commit themfelves, whofe duty it was to de- fend them from all violence and oppreflion. He was called pro/fates. Potter, Archjeol. Grzec. I. 1. c. 10. Tom. I. p. 55. See the article Prostates. SOKE (Cycl.) — SoKE-r^w, in our old writers, the lord's

rent-gatherer in the fake, or foken. Fleta, Blount. SOKHIO, in the materia medica, a name ufed by fome au- thors for a peculiar fpecies, if it may be fo called, of the lignum aloes.

It is of a greyifh colour, and feems to have been the blea, or outer part of the wood next the bark. Camcll. Sy 11. p. 8 7. SOL/EUS, in anatomy, a large flefhy fiat mufcle, nearly of an oval figure, and thicker in the middle than at the edges. It has its name, from its fuppofed likenefs to a fole. It is fituatcd on the backfidc of the leg, lower down than the gaftrocnemii, by which it is covered, and with which it forms the calf of the leg. It is fixed below, partly to the tibia, and partly to the fibula: it is fixed to above one third of the upper part of the backfide of the fibula, and a little £0 the articular ligament of the head of this bone. It is likewife fixed to the backfide of the tibia from the oblique line, or impreflion, which terminates the infertion of the poplitaeus, down to the middle of the internal angle of the bone; afterwards leaving thefe two bones, it ends in a broad ftrong tendon, which, together with that of the gaftrocnemii, forms what is called ihe tendo AchillU. Thi ftrong tendon contracts a little in its paflage to the os calcis, and then expanding a little, it is inferred obliquely in the backfide of that bone all the way to the tuberofity. The flefhy body of the folans feems to confift of, at leaft, two planes of flefhy fibres, that on the backfide of the mufcle being the rnoft fimple, and the other, or rhat next the bone. penniform. This mufcle, with the two saftrocnemii, form what anatomifts call a true triceps, JVinJiovJ^ Anatomy,

p. 2TQ-

SOLAND, or SoLXS-gsofe, in zoology. See the article Goose.

SOLANLJM, night-jhade, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower con- fifts of one leaf, and is of a rotated form, and divided into feveral fegments. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed in the manner of a nail to the middle part of the flower, and finally changes into a roundifh or oval berry, or foft Suppl. Vol. II.

fucculent fruit, which contains many feeds, ufually of a flatted form. Tourn. Inft. p. 148.

The fpecies of folanum, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe, 1. The common night-jhade with black berries. 2. The common night-jhade with red berries. 3. The com- mon night-foade with yellow berries. 4. The common night-jhade with greenifh yellow berries. 5. The berry-bearing African night-ftade with frequent and deeply indented leaves. 6. The great Surinam night-jhade^ refembling the common night-jhade in leaves, &c. 7. The perennial Portugal night- foade with large indented leaves, and red fruit. 8. The common climbing night-jhade, or bitter- i'weet. 9'. The white-flowered climbing night-jhade. 10. The double-flow- ered climbing night-jhade. n. The climbing night-foadt with variegated leaves. 12. The (cz-nigbt-jhade, or dulca- mara. 13. The common berry-bearing fiirubby night-jhade^ called Jirycbno dendron, and pfendo capjicu?n. 14. The tu- berofe efculent night-fiade, or potatoes. 15. The white- flowered potatoes. 16. The prickly African large-fruited, fiirubby night-jimde with deeply indented leaves, and flowers like thofe of borrage. 17. Black annual Virginian thorny night-jhade^ fpreading very far, and bearing white flowers. 18. The thorny American fhrubby night-jhade with fire* coloured fpincs. 19. The red-fruited Indian fhrubby night- jhade. 20. The borruge-flowered Indian thorny night-jhade. 21. The thorny and deeply woolly night-jhade. 22. The left thorny woolly night-jhade of China with fmall flowers, difpofed in a fort of umbels. 23. The Indian night-jhade whh. indented leaves, and purplifii black prickles. 24. The fmooth American nt'gbt-jhade with yellow nerves to the leaves, and yellow thorns, and with large fruit. 25. The thorny American night-jhade with leaves like thofe of the mad-apple, or melongena, and large fruit. 26. Thefhrubby acanthus-leaved American night-jhade. 27. The prickly peach-leaved American night-jhade. 28. The prickly bay- leaved fhrub American v.ight-jljade. 29. The woolly-leaved climbing American night-jhade. 30. The woolly mullein- leaved American night-foade with fmall yellow fruit. 31. The American ihrubby night-jhade with the common r.ight-jlwde leaves, and fmall red fruit. 32. The tree American night- jhade with undulated almond-like leaves, and large white flowers and red fruit. 33. The fingle feeded fhrubby Ame- rican night-jhade with polycanthus leaves. 34. The prickly climbing American night-jlmde with henbane leaves, and flowers, purple without, and white within. Tcurn. Inft.

P- H9*, '

Solanu;.! pomiferum y apple-bearing night-fnade, a name given by writers to the night-jhades, and plants of feveral genera, allied to thofe, and bearing large fruits. Sec the articles Melongena and Lycopersicon.

Solanum fomniferum, jteepy night-jhade, a name given by Cafpar Bauhine, and fome others, to a fpecies of winter- cherry, the whoried alkekengi with fmall fruit. See the article Alkekengi.

SOLAR (Cyd.) — Solar comet. See the article Discus.

SOLATRUM, in botany, a name given by many authors to the common night-fhade. Ger. Emac. lnd. 2.

SOLDANELLA, fea bind-weed, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower confifts of one leaf, formed into the ftiape of a bell, and jagged or fimbriated at the edges in moil fpecies ; from the cup of this flower rifes a piftil, which perforates the bottom of the flower, and is fixed like a nail to its hinder: part; this afterwards ripens into a cylindric fruit, which opens at the top, and is filled with feeds fixed to a pla- centa.

There are only three known fpecies of this plant. l.The common round-leaved kind. 2. The white-flowered round- leaved Alpine kind. 3. The Alpine kind with lefs rounded leaves. Tourn. Inft. p. 82.

In the Linniean fyftem of botany, the characters of this genus are thefe. The cup is an erect perianthum, divided into five pointed fegments, and remaining when the flower is fallen. The flower confifts of one petal, in the ftiape of a bell, widening by degrees to the mouth, where it is notch- ed and jagged. The ftamina are five tapering filaments. The anthers are fimple. The germen of the piftil is round- ifh. The ftyle is (lender, of the length of the flower, and remains when that is fallen. The ftigma is obtufe. The fruit is an oblong cylindric capfule, obliquely ftriated, con- taining only one cell, opening, and having ten indentings on the top. The feeds are very numerous, extremely fmall, and pointed, and their receptacle is columnar in figure, and loofe. Linn&i Gen. Plant, p. 64. Soldanella is alfo a name very improperly given by many- authors to fome of the proper and genuine fpecies of bind- weeds; as the purlins; fea-bind-weed with roundifh leaves; and purplifh flowers, "the great Italian fea-bind-wceds with finuated leaves, and the common round-leaved fea kind. See the ;rticle Convolvulus. SOLDER (CV.)— Siher-SoLVEX. Though fychev folder be much cheaper than fther-folder, yet workmen in many cafes prefer the latter. And Mr. Boyle a informs us, that he has found it to run with fo moderate a heat, as not much to 2 S f f endanger/