Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/480

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SHORT (Cycl.)SnoRT-jomted, in the manege. A horfe is I SHOT (Cycl.)— Shot of a cable,, on fhip-board, is the fplicino- faid to be Jbort-jointed, that has a fhort paftem. When this of two cables together, that a fhip may ride fafe i n di &

joint, or the pattern, is too Ihort, the horfe is fubject to have his fore-legs, from the knee to the cronet, all in a ftrait line. Commonly your Jbort-jointed horfes do not manege fo- well as the long-jointed j but out of the manege the Jbort- jointed are the heft for travel or fatigue. Sh QRT-figbtedncfs— A learned author thinks it probable, that out of fo great a number of ftwt-fighud perfons as are daily to be met with, few are born fo. For it generally grows upon young people at the age of twenty or twenty-five, and therefore might poflibly be prevented by ufing their eyes, while young, to all forts of conformations ; that is, by often looking through glaflcs of all forts of figures, and by read- ing, writing, or working with fpecfacles, of feveral degrees of convexity. For whatever be the powers by which the eye conforms itfelf to diftind vifion, they may poflibly grow weak, or lofe their extent one way or other, for want of variety of excrcifc. It feems an opinion, without founda- tion, to think tbat fuch an excrcife of the eyes can any wife injure them ; provided, due care be taken to avoid looking at objects that are too bright. See Dr. Smith's Optics, Vol. 2. Rem. p. io.

Short-figbtednefs may come by accidents. Of this we have a remarkable inftance, mentioned by Dr. Briggs in his Oph- thalmograph ia, of a perfon, upwards of feventy years old, who had ufed fpectacles for ten years, and yet by catching cold, he fuddenly became fo jlwt-ftgbted, that he could not diftinguiflj objects three feet off ; and after the cold and de- fluxion were cured, he continued to read the fmalleft print without fpectacles for many years. Dr. Smith mentions a young gentleman, who became fliort-ftghted immediately after coming out of a cold bath, in which he did not totally im- merfe himfelf, and has ever fmce ufed a concave glafs for many years. Ibid.

It is commonly thought that flr.rt-fgbtednefs wears off in old age, but the learned Doctor queftions whether this be matter of fact, or hypothecs only. Ibid. It is remarkable, that faort-figbted perfons commonly write a fmall hand, and love a fmall print, becaufe they can fee more of it at a view. That it is cuftomary with them not to look at the perfon they converfe with, becaufe they can- not well fee the motion of his.. eyes and features, and are therefore attentive to his words only. That they fee more diftinctly, and fqmewhat farther off, by a ftrong light, than ■ by a weak one; becaufe a ftrong light caufes a contraction of the pupil, and cpnfcquently of the pencils, both here, and at the return ; which leffens their mixture, and confe- quently the apparent confufion : and therefore to fee more diftinctly, they almoft. clofc their eye-lids ; for which reafon they were antiently called myopes. Ibid. feet. 62. Dr. Jurin obferves, that perfons who are much, and long accuftomed to view objects at fmall diftances ; as ftudents in general, watchmakers, gravers, painters in miniature, &c. fee better at fmall diftances, and not fo well at great diftances, as the reft of "mankind. The reafon is, that in the eye, as well as in other parts, the mufcles, by conftant exercife, are enabled to contract themfelves with more ftrength, and by difufe are brought to lefs ftrength. Hence, in the per- fons beforementioned, the greater mufcular ring of the uvea contracts more eafdy and ftrongly, and the cornea more rea- dily obeys the contraction of the ring ; whence they fee better at fmall diftances. And the cornea, by being thus often and long bent into a greater convexity, does by de- grees lofe fomething of its elafticity, fo as not to return to its natural elafticity, when the mufcular ring ceafes to act upon it. This is one caufe of their not feeing fo well at great diftances. Alfo the ligamentum ciliare, heing feldom employed to leflfen the convexity of the capfula, does by degrees become lefs capable of, performing tbat office : and the capfula being feldom drawm. out, and put into tenfion, muft lofe fomething of its diftcnfile quality, fo as lefs eafily to comply with the action of the ligament. And this is another caufe of their not feeing fo well at great diftances. furin, EfT. on ,dift. and indift. Vifion. SHORTFORD, an 'antient cuftom in the city, of Exeter, when the lord of the fee cannot beanfwered rent due to him out of his tenement, and no diftrefs can be levied for the fame. The lord is then to come to the tenement, and there take a ftone, or fome other dead thing off the tenement, and bring it before the mayor and bailiff, and thus he muft do feven quarter-days fucccflively ; and\if on the feventh quarter-day, the lord is not fatisfied his rent and arrears, then the tenement fhall be adjudged to the lord to hold tbt fame a year and a day ; and forthwith proclamation is to be made in the court, that if any man claims any title to the faid tenement, he muft appear within the year and day next following, and fatisfy the lord of the faid rent and arrears, But if no appearance be made, and the rent not paid, the lord comes again to the court and prays that, according to the cuftom, the faid tenement be adjudged to him in his demefne as of fee, which is done accordingly ; fo as the lord hath from thenceforth the faid tenement, with the ap-r purtenances, to him and his heirs.

waters and in great roads ; for a fhip will ride eafier by one Jbot of a cable, than by three fhort cables out a-head.

SHOVELER, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of fea-duck remarkable for the breadth of its bill, and called by au- thors anas latiroftra, the broad-beaked duck, and tafchenmul and by fome anas clypeaia.

It is fomething fmaller than the common duck. The beak is remarkably broad, and grows broader and rounder to- ward the end, where it is hollowed like a fhield. The iris of its eyes is very yellow, and the legs and fe«£ red. The feet are fmaller than in moft other ducks. The head, and upper part of the neck, are of a very beautiful blue, fome- times of a dufky green ; the under part of the neck is white, the upper and the fhoulders variegated with white and brown. The belly, and lower part of the breaft, are red, but the feathers behind the anus, and immediately under the tail, are black. The back is brown, with a fine caft of blue, purple and green. The tail is fhort, and is variegated with black and white. Ray's Ornithol. p. 280.

SHOULDER (Cycl.) — Shoulder, in the manege, is the joint of a horfe's fore-quarters, that joins the end of the Jhoulder-bUdz with the extremity of the fore-thigh.

Shoulder of a branch, is that part of it which begins at the lower part of the arch of the banquet, overagainft the middle of the fonceau, or chaperon, and forms another arch under the banquet. The fioulder of a branch cafts a greater, or Icffer circumference, according as it is defigned to fortify, or weaken the branch. See the aiticles Bridle, Banquet, and Branch.

Shou Lo ER-pegged bor/es, called in French ckevUUes, are fuch as have their Jboulders gourdy, ftiff, and almoft without mo- tion. A horfe charged with fioulders, is one that has thick, flefhy, and heavy Jboulders.

Cartilages of the Shoulder, in anatomy.. The fcapula in many fubjeefs has a fmall cartilaginous border along its whole bails, which in children is remarkableenough, but in grown perfons it difappcars. The glenoide cavity of this bone is covered with a.cartilage, which is thicker toward the circumference than in the middle, and a little raifed above the edge of the bone. The fmall cartilaginous furface of theacro* mion is thicker in frefh bones, than it appeajsin a dried fcele- ton, and is a little convex;. The. fmall triangular furface, at the extremity of the fpine of the fcapula,\nefir->th.e fe a f 1S) j s CQJ . vered with a very thin, fmooth cartilaginous lamina ; but this being tranfparent, does not appear very white. There are no other cartilages but thefe ufually found in the fcapula in frefh fubjedts, notwithstanding that in fceletons of prepared bones, feveral places befide feem to have been cartilaginous ; thefe, however, are owing only to the dried remains of li- gaments and tendons. Win/low's Anatomy, p. 137.

Ligaments of the Shoulder. The articulation of the acrorm- um with the extremity of the clavicle, is ftrengthened all round by feveral fmall, but ftrong ligaments, which go di- rectly from one bone to the other. Thefe ligaments lie very near, one another, and withal are fo tightly braced over the joint, as to hide it altogether : they appear indeed more like a .cartilaginous covering, than a ligamentary texture; and the internal furface of thefe ligaments is lined with the cap- fula of the joint. When the fmall inter-articular cartilage is found in this joint, its whole circumference is ever found connected to thefe ligaments. The articulation of the cla- vicle with the fternum is fuftained by feveral ligaments, fixed by one end round the pectoral extremity of the clavicle, and inferted at the other in the fternum. There is alfo a long narrow ftrong ligament, which goes from one clavicle to the other, behind the furca of the fternum : this is fixed to the internal angle of the contiguous extremities of the bones, and may be properly called the inter-clavicular liga- ment. The neck of the fcapula, at a fmall diftance frtm the glenoide cavity, gives infertion to the capfular ligament, or mucilaginous bag, and to the articular, ligaments of the joint of the fcapula and os humeri. And; betide thefe .arti- cular ligaments of the fcapula, there are. three ligamentary cords fixed to the tuberofity of the. coracoide 'apophyfis ; two of which, by their other extremities, are inferted ia the oblique eminence on the lower lide ; of the humeral ex- tremity of the clavicle, the third under the acromium. There is alfo a thin fiat broad ligament, .reaching between the. crifta of the fpine of the fcapula, and the edge, of (he inferior cofta. Win/low's Anatomy,: p.. 138.

Shoulder of a bajtion, in fortification, is where the face and the flank meet,

SHOUT, .clamor, in antiquity, was frequently ufed both on eccleliaftical, civil and military occafions, as a fign of ap- probation, and fometimes of indignation... Thus as Cicero, in an aftembly of the people, was expofing the arrogance of. I* Antony, who had had the impudence to caufe hTmfelf to be inferibed the patron of the Romans, the people on hear- ing this raifed a ftmtt, to fnew their indignation. In the antient military difcipIine^oH/j were ufed,i. uponocca- fion of the general's making a fpecch, or harangue to the army, from his tribunal. This they did in token of their approving

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