Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/430

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•word, asmoft of the names of plants at that time were, and change the u into an o, and the mp into b, we immediately bring back the word to fcabiofa ; a very well known £atifi word, and the name of a plant poffeired of the fame virtues they have given to the jcampiu/a. They fometimes alfo wrote this campiuja, without the initial /; but this cannot appear wonderful, when we recoiled that the milax was in the fame manner /milax-, and the /marag- dus was written maragdus, even by the antient Greeks them- felves.

SCANDIACA, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the white flowered lamium, called archangel by others. C. Bauhin, Pin. 155. See Lamium.

SCANDULjE, in antient houfe building, fhingles, or flat pieces of wood, ufed by the Romans inftead of tiles to cover houfes. This, according to Cornelius Nepos, was the only covering ufed in Rome till the war with Pyrrhus, or 470th year of the city. Piti/c. in voc.

SCANDULARII, among the Romans, mechanics who pre- pared the fcandulee ufed in covering houfes, who were ex- empted from all public fervices. See Scandul^.

SCANDYX, venus comb, in botany, the name of a genus of plants of the umbelliferous kind, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the rofaceous kind, confifting of feveral petals, which are arranged in a circular order on a cup, which afterwards becomes a fruit compofed of two fib- long bodies, refembling needles, and containing the feeds. The fpecies of /candyx, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The common yt77wrfy.v with roftrated feeds. 2. The larger Cretic fcandyx. And 3. the fmaller Cretic /candyx. Tourn. Inft. p. 326.

SCANELLO, in the Italian mufic, is ufed for the bridge in violins and other inflruments. It is the fame with ponticello and magas. See the articles Bridge and Magas.

SCANSOR, in ichthyology, a name given by Geiher to the fifh called by the generality of writers lupus pifcis. See the article Lupus.

SCANTON, a word ufed by fome to exprefs the fetid fmell of wine.

SCAPE goat, in the Jewifh antiquities, the goat which was fet at liberty on the day of folemn expiation. For the ceremonies on this occafion, fee Levit. xvi. 5, 6, C3V. Some fay that a piece of fcarlet cloth, in form of a tongue, was tied on the forehead of the /cape goat. Hofm. Lex. univ. in voc. Lingua.

Many have been the difputes among the interpreters, con- cerning the meaning of the word /cape goaty or rather of azazel, for which /cape goat is put in our verfion of the Bible.

Spencer is of opinion that azazel is a proper name, figni- fying the devil, or evil daemon. See his reafons in his Book de leg. Hebr. ritual. Diflert. viii. Among other things he obferves, that the antient Jews ufed to fubfKtute the name /amael for azazel, and many of them have ventured to af- firm, that at the feaft of expiation they were obliged to offer a gift to /amael to obtain his favour. Thus alfo the goat, fent into the wildernefs to azazel, was underftood to be a gift or oblation. Some Chriftians have been of the fame opinion. But Spencer thinks that the genuine reafons ef the ceremony were, 1. That the goat loaded with the fins of the people, and fent to azazel^ might be a fymboli- cal representation of the miferable condition of finners, 2. God fent the goat thus loaded to the evil daemons, to fhew that they were impure, thereby to deter the people from any converfation or familiarity with them. 3. That the goat fent to azazel fufficiently expiating all evils, the Ifraeh'tcs might the more willingly abftain from the expiatory facri- fices of the Gentiles.

SCAPHA, in anatomy, is ufed to exprefs the external circum- ference of the ear.

It is in furgery ufed to exprefs a bandage for the head. See the article Bandage.

SCAPHEPHORJ, £*«p/,po ? - ol, among the Athenians, an ap- pellation given to the ftrangers refiding among them, be- caufe they were obliged, at the feftival Panathena:, to carry little fhips, called /capha, ««<?><*,, which were a fign of their foreign extraction. Potter, Archxol. Grsec. Tom. I. p. 56.

SCAPHIUM, among the Romans, a cup of an oblong form, fomewhat refembling that of a boat, whence alfo it had its name. Piti/c. in voc.

Scaphium likewife fignifies a kind of dial, which, befide the hours, fhewed alfo the folftices and equinoxes. Piti/c. Lex. Antiq. in voc,

SCAPHOIDES os, (Cyci) in anatomy, the firft bone of the firft row in the carpus. It has its name from the Greek a-xatp r, 3 a boat, is fometimes called os navhufore in Latin for the fame reafon, as fuppofed to refemble a little boat. It has a convex fide next the radius, by which it is articulated with the bafis of that bone, and with a tubercle, which is one of the four eminences on the concave fide of the carpus. Toward the thumb it has two half fides, one large one for the os trape- zium, and the other a fmall one for the os trapezoides. It has iikewile a hollow fide for the os magnum, and a fmall

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femiiunar fide for the os lunare. Its inner and outer furfaces are rough. IVm/liui's Anatomy, p. 83. ScaphoIdes tarfi. This bone, which is called alfo mrvicu- lare, from its refemblance to a fmall flat boat, lies before the aftragalus. It has two cartilaginous fides, an oval circum- ference, and a tuberofity. Its thicknefs is inconfiderable when compared with its other dimenfions, and it lies as it were on its fide, before the aftragalus. The concave fide is pofterior, and is articulated with the anterior convex fide of the aftragalus. The anterior convex fide is divided by two fmall lines into three planes, for the articulation of the three offa cuneiformia. The circumference forms an oval which contracts by fmall degrees, and terminates in an ob- tufe point: one fide of this circumference is more convex and rough than the other, and the inequalities in it ferve for the infertion of ligaments. The points of the oval ends in a tuberofity, marked with a mufcular impreffion. In the na- tural fituation of this bone, the moft convex fide is uppermoft the other loweft, and the tuberofity turned inward and down- ward. By this fituation, and the difference of the fides, it is ealy to diltinguifh the os naviculare of the right foot from that of the left. The fmaller, or inferior convexity of the cir- cumference has, near the tuberofity, a fuperficial notch, and on the oppofite fide a fmall cartilaginous furface, and a fmall tubercle for its articulation with the os cuboides CSV. for the infertion of ligaments. Win/low's Anatomy, p. 98. SCAPULA (Cyd.) — This is a large bone, fituated laterally at the upper and pofterior part of the thorax, from about the firft rib down to the feven'.h. The neck of the /cupula is the largeft of its three angles, and ought more juftly to be called a head with a very fhort neck, and a fuperficial, or glenoide caiily in the top of it, which is lined with a cartilage, and of an oval figure, but pointed at the upper part, and rounded at the lower; and is much deeper in the natural ftate, than when viewed in the fceleton. In the na- tural fituation of the /capula this cavity is turned obliquely forward, and not directly outward. Between the ed»e of this cavity and the contracted part, which is the true neck, fome inequalities are obfcrvable, which are the remains of the fymphyfis of oflification. Above and below the glenoide cavity are two fmall rough marks, or impreffions, the loweft of which extends itfelf a little over the neighbouring cofta. Thefe may be termed the mufcular impreffions of the neck of the /capula. In the neck, fpine, bafis, inferior cofta, and coracoide procefs of the /cupula, there is a diploe ; the reft of the bone is tranfparent, thin, and almoft without any middle cellular fubftance. The/cupula is articulated with the cla- vicle by the acromion, and with the os humeri by the gle- noide cavity: it is likewife joined to the trunk by a flefhy fymphyfis, or fyffarcofis. It ferves to facilitate the moti- ons of the arm, to give infertion to a great many mufcles, and as a fhield to defend the back parts of the thorax. JVin- Jlmv's Anatomy, p. 73. Fruilure of the Scapula. The/cupula is ufually figured ei- ther near its acromion, or head, where it joins the clavicle, or in fome more diftant part. If the fraflure happens in the procefs of the acromion, the reduction will be cafily made, by lifting up the arm to relax the deltoide mufcle, and pufning the arm evenly upwards, making the fractured parts meet together with the fingers : but notwithftanding their reduction is fo eafy, they eafily (lip away again from any flight caufe, and fo are difficultly agglutinated. They are in particular very eafily feparated by the weight and motion of the arm, and by the contraction of the deltoide mufcle ; infomuch that there is fcarce ever an inftance of a frafiured acromion being fo perfectly cured, as to admit afterwards of a free motion of the arm upwards : all means muft, how- ever, be ufed to endeavour to keep the replaced bones in their proper fituation. A. comprefs, wet with fpirit of wine, is to be applied to the fraflure, a ball is to be put under the arm-pit to fupport it; the whole is to be bound up with the bandage commonly called /pica, and the arm is to be fufpended in a fafh or (ling hung about the neck. But if the neck of the /cupula, which lies under the acromion, or its acetabulum, (liould be fractured, which is a cafe that in- deed very feldom happens, and when it does is very difficult to difcover, it is a hundred to one but from the vicinity of the articulation, the tendons, mufcles, ligaments, nerves, and large veins and arteries, there will follow a ftiffnefs and lofs of motion in the joint ; great inflammation is alfo to be expefled, and abfeeffes with the worft fymptoms, and fometimes death itfelf. Scapulam antror/um agent, in anatomy, a name given by Vefalius, and fome of his followers, to the mufcle generally known under the name of the /erratus amicus. He has alfo, in another part of his work, called it primus /capulam ?no- •uentium. Riolanus has called it the /erratus minor, and fe- veral other authors the /ecundus /cupula. See the article Serratus. Scapulam attallens, in anatomy, a name given by Spigelius to a mufcle, which he alfo calls mu/culus patientia. It is the levator /cupulas of Albinus and Cowper. Scapulam moveutium /ecundus, in anatomy, the name given by Vefalius to a mufcle, called by Winflow and fome others

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