Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/417

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When the farmer has a mind to raife corn on thefe lands, he muft order them, as the clays; (fee Clay-Ms) but where they are over-run with broom, furzes, and fuch fort of weeds, marl is to be laid on in great quantities. This is the prafticc in Staffordfhire, and by it they nd themfelves of thefe troublefomc weeds, and procure good crops of corn, though at fomc expcnce.

The firft fowing of this land is with black wheat, and for this they make three fallowings in winter, and fhr them in the May following; at this time they fow them, allowing one bufhel of feed to an acre, which generally yields them fixty again. Then once plowing thefe lands, alter this crop is off, they are fit to fow rye on.

In Oxfordshire they feldom give thefe lands more than two fallowings for wheat, except they are very much over-run with weeds ; and they efteem the white and lammas wheat the moft agreeable for this fort of land, and then after a fal- low rathripe barley. They afterwards generally fallow them every other year, and reckon them unfit for beans and peas, though they fometimes fow them with winter vetches. If they fow peas on them, they efteem the rathripe kinds* the beft. I

In Hercfordfhire they are much fubje£t to mofs growing upon their fandy lands, and they make a great improvement by burning it on the ground, and mixing the afties with lime, which they then plow in.

They generally fow them with rye after this manure, and that yields a very great increafe upon them, and brings on a very good kind of grafs, if they are laid down after a crop or two. Mortimir*s Husbandry, p. 70.

SANDAL-£wj£j. See the article Brick.

SANDALIGERULI, among the aritients, fervants whofe bu- finefs it was to carry their matter's or miftrefs's fandah. Pitifc. in voc. See Sandal, Cycl.

SANDAPELONES, among the Romans, a kind of porters who were employed in carrying the bier called fandapila. Pitifc. in voc. Sec Sandapila.

SANDAPILA, among the Romans, a fort of bier ufed for carrying out the bodies of people of low circumftances. It was not a bed, but a kind of wooden cbefr, made of a few boards nailed together, and was ufually burnt along with the body. Pitifc. in voc.

SANDARACH, (Cycl) in the works of fome of the antients, a name by which the yellow matter collected on the legs of bees is called ; others of them called it erhhace and fome ambrofia. We ufually efteem this to be wax ; but the experiments of Reaumur, and others, evidently prove, that it is not real wax ; though it contains the matter of which wax is to be made : it is only the farina of flowers, collected into lumps, and probably ferves the bees as food ; and after it has afforded them nourilhment, fuffers fome change in their bowels, by which it is converted into the fubftance we call wax Reaumur % Htft. Inf. V. 10. p. 510. See Pain d'abeile.

Gum Sandarach isefteemed good in diarrhoeas and haemor- rhages, its dofe being from ten grains to half a drachm. It is alfo fometimes prefcribed in gonorrhceas and the fluor albus. See Sandarus, infra.

SANDARESUS, in natural hiftory, a gem, the chief pro- perty of which, according to Pliny, is its being pellucid, and containing irr its fubftance a kind of gold coloured glo- bules ; which are likewife tranfparent, when feen betwixt one and the fire. Hofm. Lex. univ. in voc.

SANDARUS, in the materia medica, the original name of the gum, which later ages have, by corruption of the name, called fandarax or fandaracba. The latter name is pecu- liarly improper, as it confounds this innocent gum with ; poifonous mineral of the arfenic or orpiment kind. The Arabians are not eafily to be underftood in what they fay of this gum. Some defcribe it as a diftincr. gum from all others, and fay that it refembled amber in its colour and properties ; this feems to exprefs properly what we at this time call fandaracha, which has much of the appearance of yellow refin, and therefore cannot be wholly unlike amber ; but, as this gum was ufed in varnifli, and fevcral other gums were alfo ufed for the fame purpofc, thefe writers, according to their ufual cuftom of attributing the fame name to dif- ferent things, which had the fame properties, have fome- times called the cancamum by this name, and fometimes amber. Gum lacca has often been called alfo by this name by thefe authors ; and the context only can clear up what is meant, when cither the word fandarus or cancamum, or ver- nix is ufed. SANDASTER, in natural hiftory, a kind of gem mentioned by Pliny, with gold coloured globules in it that fhone like ftars, and were in number and difpofuion not unlike the feven ftars. Hofm. Lex. in voc. SANDIVER {Cycl.) — It is reported, by many authors of grcal credit, that this fait, in its genuine form, and no way dif- fering from fuch as is ieparated from glafs, is thrown out ir great abundance in the eruptions of the burning mountains, and lies about in lumps of a fpungy texture and great fize, or in finaller folid ones among the fciarri and aihes thrown out at thofe times. The more firm and folid pieces are the

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moft pure, and are generally of a fine white ; the others not unfrequently are tinged bluifii or yellow, and have fome- times fome of the melted matter of the ■ fciarri blended among the mafs, and filling up fome of the cavities. In the catalogue of the fpecimens of fubftanccs thrown oat of Mount /Etna in one of its eruptions, and fent as a prefent to the Royal Society, we find mention of feveral pieces of fandher, but without any particular difcription. Phil. Tranf. N° 53. SANDYX (Cycl.) — Though the generality of authors have taken this to be only a name for the fine red colour, fume have plainly ufed "it for a bluifh green.

Strabo tells us, that the colours ufed by painters, in his time, and called armenium piclorium, was of a bhiiiTi green colour, and that it was called fandycU metallum by ibme. Thus the word zarnich was made to exprefs the fame two things with the addition of the yellow orpiment ; and Avi- fenna defer tbes them all together, telling us, that zarnich is yellow, red, or green. The two firft of thefe colours are natural to zarnich, as the name of orpiment ; and there is, indeed, a greenifh zarnich now alfo known in the world, but that was unknown in his times ; and, we find, that he meant the lapis armenus by the green zarnich. SANE memory, i. e. Perfect and found memory to do any

lawful act. SANGUINALIS lapis, in natural hiftory, the name of a (tone, defcribed by Monardcs, and other authors, and celebrated for its great virtues againft hemorrhages. It is of the Jafper kind, and is properly to be called an ac- cidental heliotrope, being of a dufky green, fpottcd and veined with red; and differing in nothing from our com- mon heliotropes, which are brought from the EaiMndies, but in that it is lefs tranfparent and coarfer. See the article Heliotrope. SANGUINARIA, hloodwort, a name given by many botanical authors to the lapathum fanguinciun, or bloody dock, from the red veins in its leaves; and by fome to the comu ccr- vinum, or buckfhorn plantain, from its fuppofed virtues. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. Sanguinaria, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The fpatha is compofed of two leaves, and is oval and concave, and fhorcr than the flower. The flower confifts of eight oblong and ob- tufe petals; they ftand very wide expanded, and the inner ones are narrower than the outer. The ftamina are nume- rous fimple filaments, fhorter than the flower. The an- thers are fimple. The germen of the piftil is oblong and compreffed. There is no ftyle. The ftigma is thick furrowed, with ftriae all along, and equals the fiamina in height. The fruit is an oblong capfule, compofed of two valves, and containing many round feeds. Linncei Gen. Plant, p. 227. Dtlkn, Plort. Eltham, p. 252. SANGUINEA, a name given by fome of the chemifts to

nitre. See Nitre. SANGUINEOUS fevers, a term ufed by the medica! writers to exprefs a kind of \~ev^, in which there is always a ple- thora, orfullnefs of blood, which nature is attempting to leflen by means of this accelerated motion of it, cither by forming fome haemorrhage, or by throwing a part of it off in form of fweat. It is very obvious to reafon., therefore, that bleeding is the firft thing neceflary in thefe fevers. The continent fevers, fuch as the ephemera and fynocha, are of this kind. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 252. SANGUINEROLA, in ichthyology, a name given by the Italians to the phoxinus, or minow. Artcdi makes this a fpecies of cyprinus.

It has the Italian name from the blood red colour which difplays itfelf under-its belly. JVilhghby, Hift. Pifc. p. 268. See Phoxinus. SANGUINUS, in botany, a name given by fomc of the an- tients to the birch tree, from the deep reddiih black colour of its twigs. Pliny calls it fangu'weits frutex, and not un- derftanding that it was the fame wiih the birch, mentions the name of that tree immediately after it, as if different from it. The Italians (till call the h'uch fanguino ; and fome authors, from the rednefi of the twigs of fome fpecies of the alaternus, have called that flirub the fanguvms albus. Some have fuppofed that this name was ufed to exprefs the birch tree alfo, but erroneoufly ; for though the bark of the body of that tree is fometimes white, there was no reafon for adding that epithet to the word fmguinus, which not being ufed for any other tree, could need no diftinction. The'Romans, and many other nations, ufed this tree as we do, for the punifhment of children's faults ; and it is pof- fible that the name fanguinus might be given it on this occafion. Pliny, lib. 16. cap. 36. SANGUIPURG1UM, a name given by fome authors to a flight fpecies of fever which was judged falutary, and only fervinsi to purge and clcanfe the blood. SANGUIS draconis herbn] in botany, 2 name by which fome authors call the lapathum fanguincum, or bloody dock. J.Bauhin, Vol. 2. p. 988. SANGUISORBA, in the Linnaean fvircm of botanv, the name 2 ' Of