Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/401

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SALIVAL (Cycl.)— Sauv A L duffs. Dr. Trew endeavours to fllew, that the veffels called _/i/W dulls, by Cofchwitzius, are not truly falival dulls, but veins. Phil. Tranf. N° 457. bea. 7. p. 441.

bALIVARIS, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the pellitory of Spain, or pyrethrum of the {hops, from its quality of draining a large quantity of the faliva into the mouth by its great heat and acrimony. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

SALIX, the willow, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the amentaceous kind, being compofed of a great number of ftamina arranged in form of a fpike; Thefe are the male flowers, and are barren ; the embryo fruits appear on other trees of the fame fpecies, which produce no male flowers. Thefe are difpofed like the ftamina into the form of a fpike, and finally become conic capfules, which when ripe open into two parts, and difcharge a ktsd wingeil with down. The fpecies of willow enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. 1. The common white tree vjillow. 2. The com- mon black willow with leaves not (errated. 3. The com- mon red willow. 4. The yellow willow with crenated leaves. 5. The almond willow with auriculated leaves, green on both fides. 6. The willow with almond like leaves auriculated on each fide, which caffs its bark. 7. The willovj with long and very narrow leaves white on both fides. 8. The long narrow leaved willow. 9. The long hoary and pointed leaved willow. 10. The brittle or crack wil- low. II. The dwarf willow with fcaiy heads. 12. The great bay leaved mountain willow. 13. The round filvery leaved^ willow. 14. The dwarf broad leaved erecT: willow. 15. The broad leaved creeping willow. 16. The round leaved creeping dwarf alpine willow with leaves greyifh un- derneath. 17. The round leaved dwarf willow. 18. The creeping round or alder leaved alpine willow. in. The mountain creeping willow with leaves woolly on each fide.

20. The dwarf vjillow with leaves fmooth on both fides.

21. The dwarf hoary flax leaved willow. 22. The dwarf willow with fhort narrow and woolly leaves. 23. The Py- reneau mountain willow. 24. The fmooth narrow leaved creeping willow. 25. The Alpine willow with mining leaves likeferpyllum. 26. The fallow or willow with broad roundifh leaves. 27. The fallow with pointed roundifh leaves. 28. The broad leaved white willow. 29. The Portugal willow with auriculated fage like leaves. Tourn. Inft. p. 591. Sec Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 19.

Salix amerina, in botany, is ufed for agnus caftus. Lcmcri Tr. des drog. p. 18. See Agnus cajlus.

SALLIUS lapis, a name by which Ludovicus Dulcis, and fome other writers of his time, have mifcalled the lapis fa- mius of the antients. That author defcribes it as being heavy, ^ white, and brittle, and gives it the fame virtues with the lapis famius of Pliny.

SALLY (fiycl.) — SALLv-port, in a fire (hip, is a great opening in her fide, made on purpofe for the men to efcape by, when they have grappled an enemy, and fired their train.

SALMO, the falmon, a well known fifh. It is diftinguifhed from other fifh of the truttaceous kind by thefe characters. It is of an oblong body covered with very fmall fcales, a fmall head, a fharp nofe, and a forked tail. Its back is bluifli ; the reft of its body whitifh, or reddifh, and ufually fpotted. Its under jaw is bent upwards, and that fometimes fo much as to make itfclf a finus in the upper, by conftant motion, and fometimes to perforate it. The falmon is fitft produced from its parent's fpawn in frefh rivers, thence it goes into the fea to acquire its growth and feed. And at the time of its full growth, and in the feafoif for fpawnin» it removes into the frefh waters again. The fihnon in the different itagc-s of its life and growth has different names. The Latins called it when young [alar when of a middle growth fario or f alio, and only when full grown falmo. In England the fifhermen have names for it in every year of its growth. In the firft it is called a fmelt, in the fecond a fprod, in the third a mort, in the fourth a fort-tail, and in the fifth a balffjb ; finally, in the fixth it is called a falmon. This is the common agreement of our fifhermen, though there are fome who fay the falmon comes much fooner to its full growth. IVillughby's. Hilt. Pifc. p. 139.

In the Artedian fyftem of ichthyology, the charaflers of this genus of fifties are thefe : the branchioftcge membrane on each fide contains eleven, twelve, or nineteen bones. The body of the fifh is generally variegated with fpots. The back fins are placed nearer the head than thofe of the belly, and the teeth are large, and are placed in the jaws, and pa- late, and on the tongue.

The fpecies of this genus enumetated by Artedi are thefe. 1. The falmon with the fnout often reaching beyond the lower jaw. This is the common falmon. the fpots are black, and the back convex, the belly flat and plain. 2. The falmon with grey fpots, and with the end of the tail equal. This is that fort of falmon which we call the grey ; its body is broader and thicker than the common falmon in proportion to its length. 3. The broad falmon with black and red fpots, and with an even tail. This is the kind we call the fiurff, or the bull

SAL

trad. 4. The forked tailed falmon with only black fpofs> and with a longitudinal furrow on the belly. This is the trulta lacujlris of authors. Its flefli is red. Its weight about twenty pound, when full grown ; it will fometimes weigh much more. The upper jaw in the fpawning time is crooked, the head and back - are of a bluifh green colour. 5. The falmon with the lower jaws fomewhat longer than the upper, and with red fpots. This is the common river trout. The tail of this fifh is fcarce at all divided, the pmna ani has ten rays; the fpots below the lincne laterales are red, thofe on the head and back are blackifh. 6. The oblonofahnon with two rows of teeth in the palate, and with only black fpots. This is that fort of trout, called by the Germans huch ; the fides and the fins are red, and the body is flenderer than in the common river trout. There are fome fpots on the lower jaw, but none on any other part of the head. 7. The twelve inch falmon with five rows of teeth in the palate. This is the fifh called by authors the carpio lacus benaci, and by us the gilt cbarre. The body is much broader than that of the common trout. The flefii when boiled becomes red. It has eight fpots on each fide in the lower jaw, and black fpots in the back. The fides and belly are filver coloured, and the fnout is bluifli. 8. The twelve inch falmon- with red belly fins, and the lower jaw fomewhat the longer. This is the falmo lappanicus of Lin- meus. The torgocl, of the Welch, and probably the red charre of lome parts of England. The body is more (lender than that of the river trout. The belly is generally reddifh. The flcfll of this fpecies fcarce becomes at all red in boiling ; the fpots are broad, but of a faint and obfeure colour. 9. The forked tail falmon with the lineas laterales turning up- wards, this is the umbla of authors ; it has three or four fo- ramina under the eyes, and has no middle line of teeth in the palate. The belly and the fides below the lines; la- terales are yellow. The head is bluifh, and there are fome wbitiiTi fpots above the lateral lines. 10. The twelve inch falmon with the upper jaw longer than the under. This is the fifh called the pavelin by the Germans, and the umbla altera of authors : it has yellow fpots on the fides, and the belly and its fins are alfo yellowifh. The lateral line is ftrait. The middle row of teeth in the palate is fcarce per- ceivable ; but there is a double row of them in the upper jaw, with a fkin refembling a lip between them. The fleftl boils red. Artedi's Gen. Pifc. p. 9. The falmon is a very peculiar kind of fifh. It is bred in ri- vers, but goes every year from thence into the fea ; and at a certain feafon of the fame year it always returns up into the frefh water again ; and what is remarkable, is, that fo far as obfervation has been able to trace them at any time, the fame fhoals of falmon always return into the fame river out of which they (warn, not into any other ; fo that the people who live on the falmon fifhery are not afraid for their rivers be- ing cleared, by all the fifh in them going down into the fea, for they know that they will all return up to them again at a proper time. When the falmon has once entered" a frefh river, he always fwims up againft the ftream, and often will go an hundred leagues up a river in the large and long rivers ; and the people at this vaft diftance from the mouth have the pleafure of taking a fifh, that is properly in part of the fea kind. It is alfo remarkable, that the livers which moft abound with falmon do not make the feas about their mouths any more abound with them than others, particu- larly the harbour of Breft affords no falmon ; though the river Chateaulin, which difcharges itfelf into it, is the richefh fahnon river in France.

Another fingularity, in regard to the falmon, is their fwim- ming up the rivers together in fuch vaft numbers. It is to be allowed, indeed, that herrings, mackrel, and manv other fifh, do in the fame manner appear on the coafts at cer- tain feafons in prodigious numbers ; but the reafons for their coming together in thefe quantities, are much more eafily explained than that of the falmons doing fo. The herrings, when they come in fuch prodigious fhoals to the coafts of Normandy, have been found to be allured thither in thefe numbers by a prodigious quantity of a particular fort of fea worms which are their favourite food, and which are found to cover the whole furface of the fea at that time. Ronde- letius has defcribed thefe infects under the names of fea ca- terpillars ; they always appear in the months of June, July, and Auguft, which are the herring feafons at that part of the world ; and piobably the fame caufe will be found to bring them to other places, if fufficiently enquired into, as thefe and fome other fifh come to certain places in fhoals to get food. 'The falmons do it in order to propagate their fpecies. The fpawn of the ftlmon is never depofited but in rivers, and at the time that thefe fifti are found up the rivers, it is only with this intent ; the females go firft, and the males follow as far as the others pleafe to lead them, which is ufually to fome convenient place in fhallow water, where the fpawn when depofited is not buried under too great a quantity of water, but has the advantage of a continual warmth from the fun's heat.

Salmon do not equally frequent all rivers, though .they may fecm to us equally proper for their reception." There are

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