Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/302

 PRO

PRO

the king's flaps, as he lhall appoint by proclamation. Among privateers, the divifion is according to the agreement between the owners. Ibid.

The court of admiralty are to finifh the examination of the perfons to be examined to prove the iawfulnefs of the prize, in five days after requcft for that purpofe made. The monition ■5 to be executed in three days. And in cafe no claim of the capture he duly entered, giving twenty days notice after the execution of the monition ; or if there be a claim, and the claimant does not give fufficient fecurity to pay double cofts to the captors, if the prize be adjudged lawful, then the court are to proceed to fentence in ten days. Ibid. feci. 3. In cafe of doubt, or of witneffes being remote, the court may releafe the prize, on the claimant's giving good fecurity to the captors for the payment of the full appraiied value, in cafe the prize be adjudged lawful. lb. tefl. 3. fin. Judges and officers, on failure of their duty, in refpccl to the condemnation of prizes, forfeit 500 1. with full coils of fuit; one moiety to the king, and the other to the informer, lb. feci. 6.

The judges and officers of the court of admiralty in the king's plantations or dominions abroad, fliall not receive above 10 1. in cafe the prize be under an hundred tons burthen ; nor above 15 I. if it be of greater burthen. lb feci. 7. Commiilioners of appeals in caufes of prizes are to be appoint- ed under the great feal : and appeals may be made to them within fourteen days after fentence. Jb. feci. 8. Agents for prizes are to be chofen by the captors. lb. feci. 10. Thetreafurerof the navy is to pay to the officers and feamen on board (hips of war, or privateers, in any aclion where any (hip of war, or privateer, (hall have been taken from the ene- my or deftroyed, 5 1. for every man on board fuch prize or (hip deftroyed, at the beginning of the engagement. Jb. feci. 15.

The captures of Flota (hips, or galleons, or regifter (hips bound from Buenos Ayres, or Honduras, can be tried only in the high court of admiralty. Jb feci. 17. This ftatute enacls feveral penalties and forfeitures for taking prizes by collufion. Privateers forfeit the prize, half to the king, and half to the informer ; and the commander of a man of war forfeits 1000 1. to be divided between the king and the informer lb. feci. 19.

PRO ( Cycl.)— Pro fartibus liberandis, in law, an antient writ for the partition of lands between co-heirs. Reg. orig. 316. BJowit, Ccwel.

PROBOLIUM, among the Romans, a kind of fpear, which hunters ufed in hunting boars. Pit Tc in voc

PROBOSCIPLECTANUS, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome authors to a peculiar and very elegant fpecies of peni- cillus marinus, which has fomewhat of a funnel-like fbape, and has its mouth furrounded by a number of thin hair-like filaments. See Penicii.li mc/rini.

The firft who has defcribed this particular fpecies, is the accurate Fabius Columna, from whom Klein has engraved a figure of it. Klein de Tub. Mar. p. 1.

PROBOSCIS, (Cycl.)— Proboscis of pes. See the article Trunk.

PROBULEUMA, npCax^a, among the Athenians, a decree or vote of the Areopagus, or fenate of Athens. It was fo called becaufe agreed upon by the fenate, with a de- flgn to have it afterwards propounded to an affembly of the people, that it might receive from them a farther ratification, without which it could not be palled into a law, nor have any force or obligatory power after the end of that year, when the fenators and other magiflrates laid down their commiffions. Potter, Archieol. Grasc. 1. 1. c. 18. T. 1. p. 100.

PROCERS, in glafs-making, iron inftruments hooked at the extremity, ufed to fettle the pots in their places, whether fei too near or too far off. Neri's Art of Glafs, Append.

PROCESSUS (Cycl.)— Processus majoris mu/culus, in ana- tomy, a name given by fome of the writers of the ear to one of the mufcles of that part, called by Cowper and others the intermu amis, and by Albinus, more properly, the tenfir tympani.

Processus minimi mufculus, in anatomy, a name given by feve- ral authors to one of the mufcles of the ear, called by Cowper and others obl'quus externus, and by Albinus tranfuerjus auri- cula. See Transversus auriculas.

PROCESTR1A, among the Romans, buildings adjoining to camps, efpecially winter quarters or Handing camps, where futlers, ftrangers, traders, and others that followed the armv refided ; for they were not permitted to mix with the foldiers' unlefs when the enemy was near. Pitifc.

PROCHARISTERIA, n^ x, t ,r« f ^ in antiquity, a folemn fa- crifice which the Athenian magiflrates yearly offered to Mi- nerva, when the fpring firTt began to appear. Potter, Archseol. Grrcc T. 1. p. 427.

PROCHEILA, a word ufed by fome authors to exprefs the ex tremities of ihe lips.

PROCHYMA, a word ufed by the antients to exprefs that kind of muff which (lows fpontaneoufly from the grapes without their being preflcd.

PROCICADA, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome to the inteft which the French call procigalc. It refembles the cicada

in rhoft refpecls, but it has not the power of making the noife that infeel does. See Procigale.

PROCIDENTIA ("Qv/.J-Procjdentia uteri. Thefirftftcp towards a cure of a procidentia uteri, or railing down of the womb, is to reduce it to its natural fituation, and to keep it there by means of peffaries. But as fome difadvantages at- tend the ufe of common peffaries, Dr. Thomas Simfon has contrived one, and given us the defcription and figure of it in the medical effays of Edinburgh, Vol. III. art. 18. See abb the abridgment of this work, Vol II. p 324.

Procidentia ani. Sec the article Texesmus, under which this is treated of.

PROCIGALE, in natural hiftory, a name given by Reaumur, and from him by all the French naturalifts, to a fpecies of four-winged fly, greatly refcmbling the cigale, or cicada, but wanting its power of making a noife.

This creature has a trunk of the fame form with that of the cicada, very long, and laid clofely upon the belly, and con- tained in a cafe or (heath of the fame ftruaure with that of this infefl. The female alfo has the fame inftrument at its tail, prepared for boring holes in wood, and called in that creature the piercer, and it ufes it to the fame purpofe, depofit- ing its eggs by means of it in the branches of trees. There is alfo another very fmall infeel mentioned by Reau- mur, as reducible to this daft, if properly of the fly kind; but its fmallnefs makes the ftruclure of its wings fcarce dif- tinguifhable with any degree of accuracy; and it is hard to determine whether it has four w:ngs, or two wings, and two cafes of wings : this little fly is extremelv common on rofe- treesi its wings are yellowifh, and its body white; and it can hop as well as fly. It is hardly poflible ro find a rote-tree in the fummer-months that is not loaded with thefe intecls, and they are principally found about the extremities of the young branches. The trunk of this fmall fly is of the fame kind with that of the cicada, and its bufmefs on the rofe- tree is the laying its eggs, in the fame manner as the cicada, in the wood of the branches. This operation, however, is performed by a very different inftrument; for inftead of 'the piercer which the female cicada has at the end of her bodv, this little fly has a faw placed on the third ring of the body) and as much differing in (hape as in pofition from the faw of the ferrate rote-fly, for it is lefs elegantly fafhioned ; it is pointed, however, at the end, and the creature prefling upon it with the whole weight of its body, forces it into the°wood, by which means it makes a cavity, in which to depofite its e<rgs. 1 hete eggs are fo fmall and fo tender, that they are not to be taken out of their place without breaking them. They finally produce fmall worms, of a white colour and tenderer nature than the eggs themfelves: thefe, after they have fed a proper time on the juices of the branch leave their holes, and be- come transformed into nymphs, which yet have the power of moving and feeding, and greatly refemble the nymphs of the cicada in that they perfectly (hew the lineaments of the fly con- tained within them, differing fcarce in any thing from it, ex- cept that they have cafes over their wings, which are fo fmall as to leave the rings of the body almofl entirely bare. Reaumur's Hift Inf Vol. IX. p. 241.

PROCINDYNEUONTES, n^,^,» t (fc among the Romans, a defignatlon given to the Velites, becaufe they were molt expofed to danger. The term anfwers to what we call the forlorn-hope. See Velites and Forlorn-hope, I ycl.

PROCONNESIUM marmor, a name given by the antients to a fpecies of marble called alfo newis and elapbonefus, and by fome Cyzicus, horn the works of a famous ftatuary of that name, many of which were made of it. It was of a bluifh white, lightly variegated with black; this colour ufually run- ning in fmall veins, and not unaptly refcmbling in many in- (tances the courfe of the veins of a human bodv in ihe naked ftatues. It was alfo ufed in the fumptuous buildings of the Romans.

PROCUBITORES, among the Romans, an appellation given to the Velites, becaufe when the enemy was near, they always formed the outguard. Pitifc.

PROCYON, in aftronomy.'a fixed (tar of the fecond magni- tude, in the conftellation canis minor

PRODUCTION (Cycl.)-Marine Production. To invef- tigate the nature of marine productions, Count Marfan moi- ftcned in tea-water fome branches of coral, newly taken up and found that the tubercles fo frequent on its branches, after a htrle time all opened themfelves into regular flowers, each terminated by eight points. Thefe were white, and were fuftained by a cup divided into the fame number of ferments ; and on the taking the branches again out of the water, he found thefe flowers all immediatelv clofe themfelves up a^ain and only make red irregular tubercles; and the vigorous branches ot coral retained this property of opening and dol- ing their flowers for feven or eight days after the)' were taken out of the fca. The tubercles, when wounded, yield a milky juice, in which, doubtlefs there is contained the teed of the coral.

When this curious natural ift had found coral to be a true plant m its organizations, it appeared a very defirable thine to enquire whether it would yield vegetable principles, or thofe of another kind, in a chemical analvfis. This exptri-

ment