Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/273

 POL

POL

If this propofition be admitted, then the number of each fort in Holland and Weftfriezeland, will be as in the following table :

In the two provinces of Holl. and Weft.

Amfter.

Married men and women

338100

86156

Widowers

14700

421 S

Widows — —

44100

13858

Unmarried youth and children

44 f 000

9399°

Servants — < —

102900

283.8

Travellers, ftrangers, (Sc.

392C0

I4460

24IOOO

Total

980000

The mortality of the feveral quarters of the year. Spring to fummer 307 dead. Summer to the au- ) „,

tumnal equinox J Autumn to winter 287 "Winter to fpring 286 ■

The mortality of the different months of the year obferved for 31 years, one with another.

Dead in

January 102

February 88

March, 95

April 77

May 1 1 2

June 100

July 92

Auguft 95

September 9 )

October 9 3

November 95

December 99

Hence it appears, that April is the leaft, and May the moft fatal Month in the year; their proportion of mortality being nearly as 2 to 3 : and that of the four feafons of the year, moft deaths happen in the fpring ; that is, from the vernal equinox to the fummer folftice.

Mr. Kerfeboom adds, that thefe provinces may raife 220000 men able to bear arms, and feveral other curious obfervations. His book is intitled, Ferhandelhig tot een proeve, em te wee- ten de probable mcnigte des volks in de proventie van Holland en Weftfr'wdandt. Hage 1738. 4.

Political divifion of antient Egypt. See Nome.

POLIUM, poky-mountain, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower confifts of one leaf, and is of the labiated kind ; but the place of the upper lip is fupplied by the ftamina. The under lip is divided into five fegments. The piftil arifes from the cup ; it is fixed in the manner of a nail to the hinder part of the flower, and furrounded by four embryos, which afterwards become fo many feeds remaining in the flower-cup, which ferve them as a capfule. The flowers of this plant are collected into heads, and grow at the tops of the ftalks.

The fpecies of poky-mountain, enumerated by Mr. Tourne- fort, are thefe : 1. The lavender-leaved poky. 1. The nar- rower-leaved lavender-pe/ey. 3. The yellow-flowered com- mon poky. 4. The. common white-flowered poky, 5. The narrower-leaved longer-headed white-flowerea poky. 6. The creeping poky. 7. The French erect fez-poky. #. The pro- cumbent Venetian fez-poky. 9. The purple-flowered tender woolly-leaved poky. 10. The white tender procumbent po- ky. 11. The ground ivy-leaved tender procumbent Pyrenean poky. 12. The purple-flowered, germander-leaved Spanifh poky. 1 3. The fmoother procumbent Portugal poky, with purple ftalks and white flowers. 14. The purple-flowered fhort-headed broad-leaved Spanifh poky. 15. The great white Spanifh poky. 16. The great yellow Spanifli poky. 17. The white-flowered rofemary-leaved fea-poky of Spain. 18. The red-flowered ffirubby fea.-poky of Spain, with rofemary leaves. 19. The red-flowered, rofemary-leaved, dwarf mountain-/w- ley of Spain. 20. The yellow-flowered procumbent Spanifh poky. i\. The longer-headed Spanifh poky, with variegated flowers. 22. The white-flowered, fhort-headed, narrow- leaved erect poky. 73. The white-flowered Spanifh peJey, with hoary leaves, refembling thofe of toad-flax. 24. The white-flowered fhorter-leaved Spanifh poky, with toad-flax leaves. 25. The red-flowered dwztf-foky-m unlain, with nar- row green leaves and hoary ftalks. 26. The little narrow- leaved erect poky, with greenifh white ferrated leaves 27. The lefler procumbent white narrow-leaved poky, with fer- rated leaves. 2S. The red-flowered erect fmall poky, with ftiort, narrow, and thick cluftered leaves. 29. The pro- cumbent red-flowered cudweed-like mountain-^<5/,?y, with di- vided leaves. 30. The white-flowered cudweed-like fea-po- ley. 31. The whole-leaved white Spanifli poky. 32. The larger erect, broad-leaved white piles, with ferrated leaves, 33. The great procumbent broad-leaved poky, with ferrated leaves. 34. The lefler procumbent broad-leaved white petty, with ferrated leaves. 35. The yellow Spanifh poky, with

marjoram-like leaves. 36. Trie purple-flowered ferpyllurn- leaved Spanifli poky. 37. The purpie-.piked thyme-leaved Spanifh poley. Tourn. Inft. p. 2c6.

POLLACK, in ichthyology, a name which we give to two different iifh of the afellus or gadus Jcind, with the different epi ( .hets of Yaw and whiting. The raw-pollack is the fame fpecies that in fome parts of England is called the cole-fifh, and is the afellus niger of authors. The other is called the whiting-pollack ; and is the afellus virefeens of Willughby and others.

Both thefe fifh arc, according to the new Artedian fyftem, of the genus of the gadi ; and as the names taken from their colours, black and green, are very little expreffive, the co- lours being not perfect, permanent, or entire, Artedi has de- vifed others for them, by which they may be diftinguifhed at fight from one another. The raw-pollaek, or cole-fifh, he diftinguifhes by the name of the gadus with three fins on the back, with no beard at the mouth, with the lower jaw longer than the upper, and the lateral line ftrait. The other, or whiting-pollack, he diftinguifhes by the name of the gadus with three Ens on the back, with no beard, with the lower jaw longer than the upj-er, and the lateral line crooked. Thefe two kinds of pollack are by thefe names not only dif- tinguifhed from one another, but from all the other fpecies of the fame genus, as the codfifh, &e. Artedi Gen, Pifc. p. 35.

POLLARD (Cycl.)— Pollard is a name given by fome hif- torians to a fort of bafe money current at one time in Ireland, and called more ufually crecarck.

Thefe were coins of France, and other nations, which paffed in Ireland as pennies, tho' really not worth quite half fo much. They were made of copper, with a very fmall ad- mixture of filver. See the article Crocards. It was in the reign of Edward I. appointed lord of that king- dom in the life-time of his father Henry III. that the ufe of falfe and counterfeit money of this kind was fo extremely common in Ireland. While his father reigned in England this prince never extended his power fo far as to fet up any mint, or coin any money in Ireland ; but at his acceffion to the crown he found his treafury empty, and the current coin of his king- doms in a very bad condition : his abfence of near two years after his father's death, having fo encouraged the clippers and coiners of money, that little but clipped, or counterfeit money of the kingdom was to be met with ; and five or fix different forts of bafe and mixed money had been imported privately, and uttered in England and Ireland as pennies, tho' they were not half the value of the penny lterling. Thefe were the croeards and pollards, called alfo mitres limine;* rofaries, and by the like names, according to the things marked in the impreffions. To remedy this evil, and reftore the current coin of the kingdom to its antient purity and va- lue, this prince eftablifhed a certain flandard ; and as the bafe money was an admixture of a very fmall quantity of filver, with a great deal of copper, he ordered that there fhould be in every pound of money weighing twelve ounces, eleven ounces and two penny weight and a. quarter of pure filver, and only feventeen pence halfpenny farthing allay. The faid pound to weigh twenty millings and three pence in account; the ounce twenty pence, and the penny twenty- four grains and a half. According to this regulation, the money of Ireland was alfo ordered to be made, and a new kind of money was ftruck there in the year 1279, under Stephen de Fulbourn, bifhop of Waterford, and lord deputy of Ireland. The pieces coined at this time in Ireland were groats, or four pennies, halfpence, and farthings ; and as thefe were the fame in value, as to weight, with the Englifh coins, they would go equally in England and Ireland : and in the twenty-ninth year of the reign of the fame prince, that is, in 1300, the croeards, polla^iis, and other bafe money were decried ; and it was made death, with confifcation of goods, to import any of them.

By this means the circulation of the bafe and mixed money was in a great meafu re ftopped, and four hew furnaces were erected in the mint of Dublin, to fupply the great demand that there was for good money ; and Ahnander Norman de Line was appointed mafter of the coiners. This was a be- ginning of good money in Ireland ; and in the year 1304, there were fent over from England twenty-four ftamps for coining of money there, viz. three piles with fix croffes, for pennies; three piles with fix croffes, for halfpence j and two piles with four croffes, for farthings. In the old way of coin- ing with the hammer, before the mill and fcrew were invent- ed, two kinds of ounchions were in ufe, the one called the crofs, whereupon was engraved the head of the prince; and this was fo called becaufe, antiently, a crofs was the figure ftruck on this fide of coins inftead of the head of the prince : the other called the pile, contained the arms, or fome other figure, to be ftruck with an infcript'ion on the back, or re- verfeof the coins. The p nnies and halfpence ftruck in this king's reign, have the king's head in a triangle full-faced. The heft preferred of them, found at this time, weigh twenty-two grains the penny ; and the halfpence from ten grains to ten and a half. The farthings are fo fcarce, that it is very rare to meet with one in the collections of the moft curious. Si- men's Hift. of Irifh Coins, p. 15.

5 PcLLARD,