Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/27

 MAR

MAR

MARIKERS-Csm^y}. See the article Compass, Cycl,

MARIO, in ichthyology, a name given by Pliny, and other of the old Roman authors, to a large fifh allied to the accipenfer or fturgeon. There feems, from all that they have faid of it, great reafon to believe that it was the fifh we at prefent call bujo, or the ichthyocolla fifh, from ifvn~ glafs made of it. Artedi makes this a fpecies of the acci- penfer or fturgeon, and diftinguifhes it by the name of the accipenfer without tubercles, bee the article Accipenser.

MARJORAM, in botany. See the articles Majorana and Origanum.

MARIS, in ichthyology, a name given by Charleton and fomc others, to a fifh called, by the generality of both the antient and modern writers, /maris, and by fome leucomenides, from its whitifh colour, and its external refemblance to the fifh called mtznh and mtsna ; it is, like that fifh, a fpecies of the fparus ; and is diftinguifhed by having a black fpot on each fide, and the tail and belly fins red.

MARISCA, a word ufed by chirurgical writers to exprefs an excrefcencc about the anus.

MARITACACA, in zoology, the name of a very remarkable American animal, more ufually known by the name of the opoffum. See the article Opossum.

MARITUS, in the chemical jargon, a word ufed to exprefs the fulphur of metals. The writers on the fubjedt of the philofophers ftone ufually exprefs themfelves in this enigma- tical manner, calling fulphur the hufband, and mercury the wife in all metals ; which, as they are more or Iefs perfectly combined, make the metal more or lefs pure, and approach- ing to perfection.

MARK, {Cycl.) at fea, the fame with land-mark. See the article LAND-Mark.

Mark, in the manege. A horfe marks, that is, he fhews his age by a black fpot, called the bud or eye of a bean, which appears when he is five and an half, in the cavity of the cor- ner teeth, and is gone when the horfe is eight years old. Af- ter that age he ceafes to mark, and is faid to have razed. See the article Eye of a Bean.

Falfe-M-ARKZD is the fame with counter-marked,

Mark, among bowlers. Seethe article Bowiing.

MARLE (Cycl.)— The Maries in the northern parts of Eng- land contain find, and run into a fort of loam : Thofe in Suffex are more like fullers earth, and therefore are by much the fatteft and richeft.

Marie, in general, is much of the nature of chalk, and the . potters find, that when either chalk or Marie happen to be mixed with their clay, they will burn with the reft of the fub- flance, and the veffels will fcem very found ; but as foon as any water is put in them, they will run, the chalk or Marie having been burnt into a fort of lime, and flaking like com- mon lime with the water.

■ The Maries that are fo fandy, that they can fcarce hold toge- ther, are a very good manure for cold clay lands, and are an objection to the general rule, that Marie is not to be ufed to clay. Marie, in general, fuits beft with hot lands, for it is apt to bind and fadden the tough clays ; but as there are no rules without their exceptions, where Marie is not laid too thick, and is not of too binding a kind, it will often very much improve pafture grounds, though they are upon a clayey foil.

Cowfhut or ftone Marie is, in moft countries, found under clay, or low black land, eight or ten foot deep ; clay and Keel Marie fometimes under fandy land : In clayey ground it letdom lies more than three foot deep ; but in fandy ones it is often much deeper. The Suffex Marie commonly fhews it- felt pretty low among the broken ftrata of hanging grounds. k ' i pades ' ancl wheel-barrows ; and where the pit is broad that they can make an eafy afcent, fmall carts of four foot ten inches long, and two foot three inches wide, and about four-
 * or the digging of Marie they commonly ufe pick-axes, fho-

rfthem deeP ' made { ° that a load ' S very "% fll0t out Marie is fuppofed to be fruitful from its fait and oily quality : i be fait it is fuppofed to contrafl from the air, and therefore many are of opinion, that the longer it is expofcd to the air before ,t is ufed, the better. The> lay it upon the grafs ground, in fome places, three or four years before they plow it up ; and when they cover the arable lands with Marie, they will not plow, in many places, to more than an inch deep, that they may not bury it. Markham, indeed, is of a contrary opinion, and would have it buried deep, that the iun may not draw out its virtue. The Maries of different places are in themfelves fo different, that both thefe opinions r, Tb'l '!! ?*?' the MarUs of Su fl'^ being found to fuc- andthof f.^ bu ™ dd 3. c I>' « foon as taken from the pit ; and thofe of the north of England feldom dnin„ m „rh <™S ,„

the lands, unlefs tin

- " ,e y are expofcd a long time firft.

alfo ^Tff 6 "' ,hC farmCTS in diff «<™ P'a«s hl_ ..

on acrnr? ""** ""= '° be ° bferVed for th <= W^K *

Proved bv1'r' g T° ? £T "1 ** ° f * C U " d t0 be Tm " besnninl nk S «A» they always lay on the Marie in the ST ti a " d '" Sta fon»Mre in May and June. t>ood Ma,le mil flake like lime with the fun's heat ' '

'Supra. Vot.. II,

has fhewn


 * in a hot

da & efpecially if there has happened any rain; Tome W

era harrow in the Marie, juft before they plow the land 6 which is a very good way to mix it perfectly. Cole feed, clover, and all kinds of hay plants, grow well upon marled lands. Lands feated on Marie are ufually very rich, tho' in their own nature cold and heavy. The deeper thefe lands are turned up in plowing, the better crops they will always yield. Mortimer's, Hufbandry, p, 95.

It is a very material circumftance in the marling of land, to find out how much the land requires of this manure ; and till experience has thoroughly fhewn this, it is better to err in laying on too little, than too much ; becaufe the latter is a fault not to be remedied. It is to be obferved alfo, that Marie never makes fo great an improvement on land the firft year, as it does afterwards.

In Stafrordfhire they lay two hundred load of Mark upon an acre of land of the common kind j but where the foil is black, loofe, andlandy, or full of worms, they will lay on three or four hundred load to an acre ; it being a rule with them, that this fort of foil cannot be marled too much. If the mould be thin, the Iefs Marie does; if deep, itmuft have the more. 'Tis beft fowing of marled lands under furrow ; becaufe if thefe lands are well hufbanded, they will be very mellow and hollow, which will occafion the earth's finking from the roots of the corn, if it ftand too high. If Marie faddens land, or makes it ftifF or binding, it muft be well dunged, and laid down for grafs. In Staftbrdfhire, after their land is marled, their way is to take the crops following. After the firft crop of wheat is off, they plow in the wheat ftubble in December, and if the weather proves frofty, to mellow it, they do not plow it again till April. They then fow it with barley, al- lowing three bufhels of feed to an acre. The common pro- duce of this Is thirty bufhels. After this they fow peafe, for which they plow only once in the February following, allow- ing only three bufhels of feed to an acre, as in the barley. Next after this, if they intend fix crops, they fow wheat again upon the peafe crop ; the fifth crop is barley again ; and the fixth year's crop is red oats. Some fow two or three crops more, when the ground has been well marled, but that is much better let alone.

In digging for the Marie they ufe in manuring their lands in Ireland, they meet with foffile horns, and other curious foflils. The Marie always lies in the bottoms of low bogs. It is never met with in any other places, and is found by boring with augurs made for that purpofe. It ufually lies at five, feven, or nine foot depth. The obtaining it in many places is attended with very confidcrable expences, in drain- ing off the water. The manner of digging it is this : They employ fix able labourers, and a fupernumerary ; and thefe cut up a hole of twelve foot fquare, which is fuppofed a pit that this number of men can manage in one day. Two men dig, two throw it up, and two throw it by, and the fuper- numerary man fupplies defecls on all occafions. For the firft three foot they dig through a fuzzy earth, fit for making of turf or fuel. Under this lies a ftratum of gravel, of about half a foot. Under this often, for three foot more, there is a more kindly mofs, which would make better fuel. This lower ftratum of turf is always full of foffile wood, which is ufually fo foft, that the fpade cuts as eafily through it, as through the earth it lies in. Under this, for about three in- ches, is found a feries of leaves, principally of the oak ; thefe appear very fair to the eye, but fall to pieces on touching ; and this ftratum is fometimes interrupted with vaft heaps of feed, which feem to be broom or furz-feed. In fome places there appear berries of different kinds ; and mothers, feveral fpecies of fea plants, all lying in the fame confufed manner as the oak leaves. Under this vegetable ftratum, there lies one of blue clay, half a foot thick, and ufually full of fea {hells. This blue clay is not fo tough as common clay, but is thrown carefully up, and ufed as Mark in fome places. Under this always appears the right Marie ; the ftratum of this is ufually from two to four foot thick, and fometimes much more. Phil. Tranf. N°. 394. p. 122.

This Mark looks like buried lime, and is fullofihclls ; which are ufually of a fmall fize, and of the perwihckle kind j but there are feveral other forts, at times, found among them. Among this Mark, and often at the very bottom of it, are found great numbers of very large horns of the deer kind, which are vulgarly called elks horns. Thefe, where they join to the head, are thick and round j and at that join- ing there grows out a branch, which is about a foot long, and feems to have hung juft over the creature's eyes ; it grows frill round for about a foot above this, and then fpreads broad, and terminates in branches long and round, turning with a fmall bind. The labourers are obliged to work in a hurry in all thefe pits, fo that they feldom bring them out whole. There are alfo, at times, found the leg bones, and other parts of the fkeletons of the fame beafts ; but this more rarely, only a few together, and but in few places. Marle, in medicine, is efleemed an aftringent, and given as fuch in diarrhceas, dyfenteries, and haemorrhages j the red kind is preferred for the laft intention, though the difference is hardly worth regarding. The Germans give it alfo in fe- vers, in convulfions, and particularly in epileptic cafes j alfo in internal bruifes.

F Diet