Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/251

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coloured caryophyllus. 33. The dappled caryophyllus, of a white and orange colour 34. The middtc-fized caryophyllus altilis, with pale violet-coloured flowers. 35. The fmall caiyophylhs altilis, with pale yellowifh flowers. 36. The little variegated caryophyllus altilis. 37. The common Angle spr<\en-car;ophyl- luSj with large flowers. 38. The common garden Angle ca- ryophyllus, with flefh-coloured flowers. 39. The fingle gar- den- caryophyllus, with variegated flowers. 40. The great Wild caryophy'lus, with variegated flowers. 4 1 - The com- mon double fmall zprden-caryophyllt/s. 42. The procumbent garden -caryophyllus, with double-red flowers, fpotted with white. 43. The double-jagged garden-;^*-. 44. The double- jagged garden-/*?^, with flefli- coloured flowers. 45. The garden-far) ophyllus, with very finely divided flowers. 46. The flefh-coloured finely divided garden -caryophyllus. 47. The white finely divided garden-wr^/j|7^. 48. The white fcentlefs jagged -flowered wild caryophyllus. 49. The fweet- fcented jagged- flowered wild caryophyllus. 50. The white- flowered fweet-fcented jagged- flowered wild caryophyllus. 51. The jagged-flowered wild caryophyllus, with fweet-fcented fta- mina. 52. The jagged -flowered fweet-fcented caryophyllus, without ftamina. 53. Theoretic fhrubby caryophyllus. 54. The fingle caryophyllus, with fmall pale-red flowers. 55. The fmall fingle caryophyllus, with fpotted flowers. 56. The pro- cumbent broad-leaved fingle caryophyllus. 57. The fingle procumbent narrow-leaved caryophyllus. 58. The double purple fwcet-ivilliam, or caryophyllus barbatus. 59. The double white jweet-william. 60. The rofe coloured fiueet-willia?n. 61. The finale broad-leaved fweet-william, with flefh-colour- ed flowers. 62. The fingle broad-leaved fweet-william, with purple flowers, and with variegated leaves. 63. The purple broad-leaved fingle fweet william. 64. The white broad- leaved fingle fweet-william. 6g. The fingle broad-leaved fweet-william, with variegated flowers. 66. The pale red- flowered narrow-leaved fweet-william. 67. The deep red- flowered narrow-leaved fweet-william. 68. The narrow- leaved fweet-william, with milk white flowers, with red fpots. 69. The narrow-leaved fweet-william, with white flowers with red edges. 70. The narrow-leaved fweet-william, with plain fnow-white flowers. 7 r - The narrow-leaved fweet- william, with a few pale-red flowers. 72. The narrow-leaved fweet-william, with purple flowers and white edges. 73. The narrow-leaved fweet-william, with fnow-white and purple flowers. 74- The wild fweet-william, or common wild pink. 75. The wild proliferous, or childing pink. 76. The white flowered proliferous wild pink. 77. The fingle-flower- ed proliferous wild pink. 78. The common wild broad-leav- ed pink. 79. The many-flowered mountain-^;^. 80. The Italian umbellated pink, with yellow and ferrugineous flowers. 81. The common narrow-leaved wild pink. 82. The wild pink, with large fcentlefs hairy flowers. 83. The little creep- ing pink, with one flower on every ftalk, called by many the maiden-pink. 84. The red wild pink of Carynthia. 85. The purplifh blue woolly or hairy-flowered wild pink. 86. The wild pink with hairy white flowers. 87. The common little wzW-pink. 88. The common wild pink of the warm climates. 89- The alpine pink, with rofe-coloured flower and greenifh umbilicus. Tourn. Inft. p. 330, feq. KNNA (Cycl.) — Pinna, a fin, in natural hiftory, the name of that part of a fifh which diftinguifhes it from other aqua- tic creatures, no animal but a fifh hwingfins and wanting legs.

The fin is properly a part Branding out, or hanging from, the body of the fifh, and confifting of a membrane fupported by feveral rays or oblong bones ; which are in fome hard and firm, and in others cartilaginous.

This definition of a fin properly excludes all thofe other parts of a fifh which may be prominent from the body, and may be of a membranaceous ftrucf.ure, and even carry the appearance of a fin, tho' they have none of the rays or little bony fub- rftances within them, and therefore cannot ferve the creature in the office of fins in fwimming ; for the cartilages or bones, which fupport the membranes of the fins, are what give them their due and neceflary ftrength and firmnefs to bear ao-ainfl: the water for the motion of the body of the fifh : thofe other membranaceous appendages to the bodies of fifties cannot do this ; for wanting the fupport of thefe rays, the fimple and foft membrane has no more power of moving the water, than the water has of moving it. Hence appears the ufe of the bones or rays, fupporting the fins, and the iruth of the definition, that nothing is properly a fin which wants them.

The fins, by their differences, make very obvious diftinctions among the feveral fpecies of fifhes ; and thefe differences are, in regard to number, fituation, figure, and proportion. The number of the fins, including the tail, is very different, in different fifh. 1. I" f° m e there is only one fin to the whole fifh. This is the cafe in the ophidium lumbriciforme, and in the muraena. 2. The fins are two in number in others, as in the petromyzae and the like. 3. There are many which have three fins ; as the conger, the eel, the common ophi- dium, the greenland whale, the fea-cow, and the like. 4. Many have four fins, of the number of which are the dol- phin, the phocsena, and the fecond kind of the acus Suppl. Vol. II.

Anflotelis. 5. Several have five fins ; as the ammodytes or fand-eel, the fwbrd fifh, the lupus marinus, the mo- la or fun-fifh, and many o hei's. 6. The lump-fifh gives us an inffance of fix fins; for the feeming firft fin, on the back of that fifh, is not a real fin, but only a cutaneous pro- minence. 7. Many fifh have feven fins ; as the gudgeon, the pleurone£es, the cyprinus, the clupea, the coregones, the ofmeri, the falmons, the cobites, the efoces; the cer- nua fluviatilis, the gafterofteK, the fpari, the labri, the filu- rus, the mugil alatus, the remora, the caprifcus, the hip- purus, the pompilus, and the accipenfer. 8. Many fifh alfo have eight fins each ; of this number are fome of the pearched, the clarea, the cottus, the mugil, the labrax, the fudis, the mulli, the ling, the trachurus, the fcysene, the trachinus, the uranofcope, and that little fifh called the anguella by the Venetians. 9. The fcorpama of Rondeletius gives us an in- ffance of the fins being nine in number; and, finally, the fcombri and thynni, give us inftances of eleven fins in the fame fifh.

The differences in fituation are lefs numerous than thefe, as to number, but they are not lefs obvious and effential. 1. They are generally placed both on the back and belly, as we fee in moft of the fpecies of fifhes. 2. They are fometimes placed only on the back. This is the cafe in the petromyza=, the acus lumbriciformis, and fome others. 3. Some have them, on the contrary, only on the belly ; cf this kind are the Greenland whale, the fea-cow, and the like : and to this it is to be added, that the back and he\\y fi>is differ greatly in the feveral fifh, in their being placed more or lefs backward or forward.

The differences of fhape or figure in the fins of fifhes, are alfo very obvious, r. They are in fome nearly triangular, as in the cyprini, and falmons, &c. 2. Some few fifh have them round. And 3. Some have them of an oblono- fquare, or parallellogram figure.

Finally, the difference in proportion is not to be omitted s for they are in fome much fhorter and fmaller than the body ; as is the cafe in the generality of fifhes ; but in others they are of an equal length with the body. Of this kind are the pectoral fins in fome of the legyrae, and the ventral fins in the mugil alatus of Rondeletius, and other authors. Jrtedi, Ichthyol. p. 4. Aculei Pinn arum, in ichthyology. Every apophysis or emi- nence on the head or body of a fifh, which is fo fharp at the end as to be capable of pricking, is called an aculeus; but the aculei pinnarum in particular, are thofe prickly radii or bones, which ferve to fupport the fins j and being carried out beyond the rim of the membrane, end in fo many points. Thefe aculei are fimple cylindric officles, whereas the other oflicles, which fuftain the fins, are lefs rigid, and are bent and not prickly : and thefe are not fimple, but are compofed each of two oflicles clofely cohering one to another. Many of thefe radii are divaricated at their extremity into two, three or more branches ; thefe when they are carried out beyond the rim of the membrane, are harmlefs, and are feen to be compofed of two officles, as the body of the radius is. The aculei of the back and belly of all fifties are Co far of the fame nature, that they never ftand fingle, as fome have fuppofed them to do in particular inftances; but they are always con- nected one to the other at the bottom, by a membrane, tho* that be ever fo fmall and low, as in fome it is icarce vifible. Pinnarum radii. See the article Radii pinnarum. Pinna manna, in natural hiftory, the name of a fhell-fifh, by the lateft writers on thefe fubje£ts referred to the genus of mufcles. See the article Mvtulus.

This fhell-fifh is like the mufcle, held in its place by a num- ber of threads, which proceed from its body, and are fixed to any adjoining fubftance, and is one of thofe fifh, which, like the mufcle, has a power of fpinning in the manner of the fpider and caterpillar. See the article Muscle. The threads which thefe fifh fpin, are infinitely finer and flenderer than thofe of the mufcle, notwithftanding that the fifh is vaftly larger; its fhells being often found two foot long. Thefe threads are indeed fcarce, lefs fine than the fingle filk threads of the filkworm, and like it have in all times been worked into ufe. The fineft kind of the byflus of the antients was wrought out of thefe threads, and at prefent they are manufactured at Palermo, and at many other places, into gloves, ftockings, and other forts of wearing apparel.

It is eafy to conceive, that threads Co fine as thefe can be of no great ftrength ; but what is wanting in the force of each, is made up in the number of them ; which are fpun by every fifh, for this is almoft infinite. They differ in nothing from the threads of the mufcles, befide their finenefs and their length; which is in thefe much greater, and therefore makes them greatly the more valuable. They are probably formed in the fame manner with thofe of the mufcles; and the pinna may be called, by way of diftincfion, the filkworm of the fea; and the mufcle, the caterpillar. See Tab. of Shells, N°. 20. Mem. Acad. Par. 1711. Pinnarum dilatator proprius, in anatomv, a name given by San* torini to one of the mufcles of the face, which he has alfo called myrtiformis nafi, and which Cowper his called depreffor 2 N n labii