Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/240

 PHR

P H T

Phoxwvs fquammoftiS) in zoology, the name of a fmall frefll* water fifh, called by fome the hambek, by others the riem- ling, and by fome the pink. It feldom is found beyond the length of two or three inches; its head is large in propor- tion to the reft of its body, and is blackifh ; and the roots of all its fins have fomcthing of a faffron colour; and the joint of the gill fins has a little prominence, which in fome is yel- low, and in others reddifh; its fcales are fmall and whitifh, and. the lines on its fides reaching from the gills to the tail are brown ; its belly and fides are a little yellowifh ; it has one fin on the back, one behind the anus, a pair at the gills, and another pair on the belly; they love running waters ; and when dreiTed have a bitterifli tafte. Gefner, de Aquat. p. 484. PHRiENTAN, in the botanical writings of the antients, a name given to a kind of anemone, ufed in making garlands and other ornaments.

The fcholiaft on Theocritus obferves from Solibius, that the Lacedsemop'tans called the anemone in general pranion \ and Nicander feems to comprehend under this title fevera! beauti- ful fpecies of the anemone, which he diftinguifhes from the cheUdonian anemones ; but Athenasus informs us, that others have made the cbelidmian and phr anion anemonies the fame. Some have fuppofed the anemonies of the antients tifed in gar- lands, and thofc ufed in medicine to be different, but the ge- nerality of authors do not warrant this. PHRATRIARQ1US, ^l,.*^, among the Athenians, a ma- giftrate that prefided over the pbrattia, or third part of a tribe. He had the fame power over the pbratria, that the pbylarcbus had over the tribe. Potter, Archaeol. Graic. T. 1. p. 78. See the article Phylarchus. PHRENIT1S (Cycl.)— The preceding fymptoms of this dis- order are, long watchings, troubled fleep, and very refflefs dreams, acute and terrible pains of the head, an entire for- getfulnefs of every thing, and a wandering of the mind, dis- covering itfelf by inconfiftent anfwers to queftions, a fmall defire of liquors, tho' the heat of the mouth plainly indicates all that can occafion the moft intenfe thirft ; large and flow refpiration, a weak and flow pulfe, and fuppreffion of urine. AH thefe figns predict an approaching pbrenitis ; but when it has already feized the patient, the blood-vefiels of the head all fwell, and the temporal arteries have fo ftrong a pulfation, that they are feen to beat very forcibly ; the eyes fparkle and look wild and fierce ; the talk is all wild and raving ; and at certain times the patient has ufually violent fits of ftruggl. to get out of bed ; the extremities are cold, and the urine thin, white, and pellucid.

The perfons moft fubject to a pbrenitis are thofe of a fangu: neous and plethoric habit, and much given to anger ; fuch 1 are addicted to a hot diet, and the ufe of ftrong liquors ; fuch as are many hours together expofed to the fun in hot weather in their daily occupations ; and fuch as have been fubject to violent head-achs, or have had habitual haemorrhages at the nofe flopped upon them, or have had the blood ufually dis- charged by the hemorrhoids thrown up into the head ; and women who have had the menfes flopped upon them, and the blood in the fame manner thrown up into the head. Thefe perfons are, from fuch circumftances and accidents, fubject to the pbrenitis as an idiopathic diftemper, dependant on no other. But befides thefe, others are alfo very fubject to it as a fymptom in other difeafes. People in acute fevers are very often thrown into it by an incompleat critical congeftion of blood about the head ; and this principally happens to fuch as have been treated by apothecaries in an improper and in- judicious manner. From the fudden checking of 1'weats ma- ny have alfo been thrown into it, and fome from improper bleedings, and more than all thefe by a too hot regimen. Method of cure. A clyfter is one of the firft things to be pre- fcribed in this cafe; or if this cannot be given from the vio- lence of the patient, the bowels muft be gently relaxed by large draughts of warm emollient liquors, with a fmall ad- dition of nitre; after this bleeding is to be ordered, where the pulfe and condition of the patient fhew it to be neceflary, and gentle alexipharmics are then to be given in repeated fmall dofes, fuch as the mixtura fimplex highly camphorated, and the like ; and in the intermediate times the violent emo- tions of the blood are to be quieted by the ufe of powders of nitre, tartar of vitriol, crab's eyes, and a fmall portion of cinnabar; thefe are to be given with cooling emulfions ; a placid regimen muft be obferved, and the patient kept in a ■ gentle perforation ; and external applications are fometimes of great fervice, fuch are fpirit of wine and camphor, rubbed on the forehead and temples,, and frictions, cataplafms of various kinds, and blifters laid to the foles of the feet. "Jt Iter's Confp. Med. p. 304.

Others in this cafe apply epithems to the forehead, either of the abfolutely repellent kind, fuch as vinegar of rofes, or of lavender ; thefe are moft proper in the beginning ; and if thefe do not fucceed, the refolvents are left afterwards to be tried; fuch are fpirit of wine and camphor, and fpirit tincture of faffron ; bags of camphor and nitre in powder, may alfo be applied, and if thefe fail it is proper to put on leeches to the temples and behind the cars ; bleeding in the jugular vein is another method ; and blifters are to be applied

to the legs and arms, and fmapifms to the feet, compofed of yeaft and ftrong vinegar, with muftard-feed, nitre, and other ingredients of that kind ; and, finally, when all thefe fail, an irritation of the noftrils to promote an hemorrhage, and bleeding in the nofe, as practiced in Egypt, and fome other countries, is proper. Heifter's Confp. Med. p. 125. Dr. Friend has recommended bleeding at the jugular veins, in a pbrenitis coming upon a fever ; but Dr. Langrifh endea- vours to prove the bleeding in this cafe to be rather hurtful ; and he thinks the cafes quoted by Dr. Friend to prove his opinion, either do it not, or may be turned againft him. See Med. Eff. Abrid. Vol. 2. p. 457. PHRICODES, a term ufed by the antients for a kind of fever which is attended with a eoldnefs and fhivering, not only at the beginning of the fit, but at different intervals throughout its whole continuance. The femitertian fever is of this kind. The ufual fymptoms of thefe fevers are a remarkable lownefs of the pulfe, which is fcarce to be felt, but recedes as it were from the finger. The belly is tumified, and a rumbling noife is heard in it, and the tongue is very humid, and irrigated with a fharp acid humor, as with the faliva. PHRONTJS, a word ufed by Hippocrates as the name of a peculiar diforder of the general nature of the melancholy affection's. In this cafe the patient, he fays, feels, as it were, a thorn pricking the abdominal vifcera; he is extremely reft- lefs and uneafy, and always avoids light and company. He dreads being touched, and becomes timorous and afraid of every thing ; he is molcfted with troublefome dreams, and imagines that he frequently fees fpecrres and frightful objects. PHRYCTE, a word ufed by the anticnt phyftcians as a name

for common refin. PHRYGANIDES, in natural hiftory, a name given by authors ' to the fly which is produced from the phngamwn, or common cadofworm, found in ditches, and ufed as a bait for fifh. This has a long body, -four brown wings, and a forked tail, and is found in the month of Auguft very frequent on waters. PHRYGANICUS, in botany, a term ufed by Diofcorides and many other of the antient Greeks, to exprefs fuch herbaceous plants as have hard and woody ftalks, fuch are the garden thyme, and feveral others of that kind : they alfo called thefe plants xykdeSy foft&fcr, and ffrkmha. noa,. PHRYGIAN, {Cycl.) in antient mufic, the third fpecies of

the diapafon. See the article Diapason. t

Phrygian Jlone, phrygius lapis > in natural hiftory, the name of a ftone defcribed by the antients, and ufed in their time in dying; probably from fome vitriolic or aluminous fait contained in it, which ferved to enliven or fix the colours ufed by the dyers.

It was a light fpungy mafs, refembling a pumice, and the whiteft and lighteft were efteemed the beft. Pliny gives us an account of their preparing it for ufe for dying, which was by moiftening it with urine and then heating it red-hot, and fuffering.it to cool again : this calcination was repeated three times, and the ftone was then fit for ufe ; and Diofcorides re- commends it in medicine after burning; he fays it was dry- ing and aftringent. PHTHIRION, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the pediailarh, or red rattle. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. See the article Pedicularis. PHTHISIS (Cycl.) — This difcafe is properly an ulcerous dif- pofition of the lungs, taking its origin from a ftafls of blood in that vifcus, which in time degenerates into matter, and which is attended with a \eiy remarkable wafting of the flefh and lofsof ftrength. A pbthijis in different perfons, and at different times, differs in degree; in fome cafes it is only a tendency to ulceration in the lungs, but in Others it is an actual ulceration in that part.

In the firft of thefe cafes, where there is only a tendency to an ulceration, the lungs are only fluffed up with a quantity of tenacious andvifcid matter, or of a mucous fluid, with a mixture of blood. This matter, by degrees, becomes more and more hard and tough, by the diflipation of its more fluid parts ; and hence gives a fchirrous hardnefs to that part of the lungs where it is contained, but is not eafily changed in- to abfolute matter. In this cafe the patient may live many years, and often there is no fufpicion of his being in a pbthijis.

In the fecond cafe, or an actual exulceration of the lungs, the difeafe cannot long remain unknown, but the hectic fe- ver, which is its conftant attendant, readily difcovers it ; and the wafting of flefh, and fpitting of matter, foon bring the patient to his end, if fpeedy and efficacious remedies are not applied.

Many are very anxious about the diftlnguifhing a true phthi- Jis from an abdominal hectic; but this is a diftinctlon of very little ufe in practice, fince both cafes require the fame regi- men : the gently refolvent and difcutient medicines, and bal- famics, which have nothing acid in them, are the proper method in % pbthijis, and are equally neceflary in this hectic. The principal differences, however, between them are thefe : The abdominal hectic always is attended with a fever, where- as the pbthijis is often free from a fever, or at leaft is not attended with one of any confequence. If, in a ftrong m- fpiration, on drawing as much breath as may be into die lungs, a the