Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/229

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We have many plmlcna of this kind produced from thofe ca- terpillars which artfully roll up the leaves of trees, particularly one bred from a fmootli caterpillar of this kind, with iix- teen legs,

Genus 8. This comprehends thofe phalente, the wings of which are laid clofe down upon the body, fp as to be moulded on it, and take itsexaa fhape: thefe cover the body exadly as the wings of birds do theirs. There are numbers of fmall moths of this fpecies, which are produced of thofe kinds of cater- pillars which live all their time in fociety in one common web ; of thefe there are many fpecies. ,

Genus o This comprehends a fet of phalenes fmaller than the former which carry their wings in the fame manner, clofely folded 'upon their bodies ; but differing in this, that they are extended to a con fid er able length, and cowards their extremity rife up above the level of the body, and form a fort of tail like that of a cock. The phalena of this genus are diftin- <ruifhed by fome under the name of cock-tailed; and tho' they are fmall, yet they are very numerous, and of very great va- riety ■ and w he" examined with the microfcope, appear of a beauty equalling almoft any kind. Their wings thus viewed are frequently found variegated with gold and fdver in appear- ance, the yellow and white fpots frequent in them having a bri^htnefs which a painter could give us no idea of, but by ufirt"- thofe metals. The moths of the tenia; of feveral fpecies are of this kind : their antennae are ufually of the conic kind, and as flender as hairs ; and it is difficult to fay whether they have any trunk, it being, if they have any, of a very minute kind.

Genus to. This comprehends a fet of phalenee whofe upper wings are very remarkably folded over the body, one of them fur- rounding it in a manner, and the other turning itfelf fpirally round that; fo that a very great part of one of the upper wino-s is always covered by the other. Reaumur's Hill, inf. V. i.P. i. p. 394' 39^-

PHALERA, the name of a bandage for the nofe, defcribed by Galen in his treatifeon bandages.

PIIALER/E, among the antients, horfe- trappings. See the artideTRAPPiNGS.

PHALLUS marinus, a name given by fome authors to a fpecies of canalis or tubulus marinus, found about Amboina. and called by the French writers priape and arrofolr. It is an ob- long fliel), with a large head, which is pierced full of holes; fo that it at once refembles the glans penis, and the nofe of a watering-pot ufed by gardeners.

PHARI, among the antients, a kind of candleftick. Seethe article Branch.

PHARICUM, the name of a famous poifon among the an- tients : it was faid to be compofed of many ingredients, but we know nothing of it at this time.

FHARMACI, (pa-fttuxM, among the Greeks, an appellation ufed for two perfons who were employed in the luftration or pu- rification of cities. Pott. T. i. p. 400.

Thefe were two men, according to fome ; but others fuppofe them to have been a man and woman, to reprcfent the male and female fex, for each of which they offered a facrifice. It was ufual for the man to carry about his neck figs, called wjf.aAs. of a blackifh colour; and the woman fuch as were white. Pott. Archxol. Graec. T. 1. p. 400, feq. See the article Lustration, Cycl.

PHARMACIA, fwitctpinf, in antiquity, denotes the art of ef- fecting ftrange and wonderful things, by means of medicated and inchanted compofitions of herbs, minerals, &f. Thefe things themfelves were called pharmaca, fome of which being taken inwardly, were faid to caufe blindnefs, madnefs, love, (Sfc. Such were the medicaments by which Circe transformed Ulyffcs'sfoldiers; others infected by touch, fuch was the gar- rnent Medea fent to Creufa ; others fpread their venom afar oft", and operated upon perfons at a great diftance. There were alfo pharmaca foieria, <ptx.cp.xxx o-urncta, which were amulets againft the former; fuch was the herb moly, which preferved UlyiTes from Circe's inchantments ; the laurel, the fallow-tree, the rhamnus, or drift-thorn, flea-bane, the jafper- ffone, and many others mentioned by Albertus Magnus, and Orpheus, in his book de lapillis. Po:t. Archseol. Grsec. I. 2. c. 18. T. 1 p. 353- See Amulet.

PHARMACITIS terra, in the materia medica, a name which fome authors have given to the common ampeUtes or cannel- coal. See Aiupei-itEs.

PHARMACOCHEMIA, a term ufed to exprefs that part of the chemical art which treats of the preparation of medicines. It is thus called by way of diftinftiorj from that chemiftry which is wholly employed about the tranfmutation of metals by means of the philofopher's ftone ; this being called fpagirico-che- Tjjia.

PHARMACY (Cycl.)— Mofl of the natural bodies being fome way or other employed as fubjeCts of pharmacy, the materia medica is extremely large, and its operations various. Its materials in the earlieft ages, indeed, were very few, and the ways of managing them very fimple : fubjeCts afterwards mul- tiplied, operations increafed, and at prefent we feem abun- dantly ltocked with both fimple and compound medicines. Difeafos mult have been very early, if the ftrft inhabitants of the earth experienced die fame changes of feafons, breathed

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the fame kind of air, and ufed a like kind of diet and regimen of life with ourfelves: but foon after the difeale affliCts, the patient feeks a remedy; and this appears to have been the foundation of pharmacy in different parts of the world Experiments being thus multiplied; and th ■ pjcparatibns of fimplcs better made, pharmacy became at length an art. Hip- pocrates, however, when he came to compile a kind of fvfrerri of phyfic from the obfervations of antiquity, defcribed but few., and thofe generally fimple. Shazvh Le&ures, p. x&o. Succeeding ph\ ficians then enlarged the materia medica ; Ga- len confiderably ("welled the catalogue, and the Arahians'mufh more; and when learning began to revive in Europe, the ma- teria medica was again enlarged, and great changes wrought upon it by chemiftry.

The ar.t of pharmacy muft be confidered under the manage- ment of phyfirians, apothecaries, trading chemifb, and drug- gifts. To the phyfician it belongs to direct the medicines, and to give the rules of extracting and managing the fimples. To the apothecary belongs the reduction of the materia medi- ca into certain forms of medicines, according to the direction of the phyfician. And the defign of trading chemifts and druggifts, is to furnifli medicinal matters to the apothecary, who cannot always detect an artificial counterfeit, or a dexte- rous fophiftication; and perhaps many remedies, well defignedl by the phyfician-, have failed or had mifchievous effects Oii\his account. Shazus Lectures, p. 195.

PHARMUTHI, in the Egyptian chronology, one of the months of their year, which anfwered to the month of April anion* the Romans Hoffm. Lex. univ. in voc.

PHARYNG-/EtJMyi/ 5 a name given by authors to an artificial fait, of ufe in the quinfey, and cafes of the like kind, wheri the pharynx, or fauces are incommoded by a difcharge of fe- rous or other humours.

It is prepared of cream of tartar and nitre, each an ounce, with half an ounce of burnt alum; all thefe are to be difib-ved in vinegar, and coagulated according to art. This fait mixed with honey, and diflblved in plantain water, makes an excel- lent gargle.

PHASEOLUS, kidney-bean, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the papilionaceous kind, and its piftil, which arifes from the cup, finally becomes a long pod, containing feveral kidney-maped, or elfe oval feeds. To this it is to be added, that the leaves always ftand three upon a ftalk, and the whole trace and habit of the plant is peculiar, and diftinguifhes it from the other pa- pilionaceous flowered genera.

The fpecies of phafeolus, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe: 1. The Comnipn garden phafeolus. 2. The common: phafeolus, with black fruit. 3. The common phafeolus, with yellow fruit. 4. The common phafeolus, with red fruit, c. The common phafeolus, with livid fruit. 6. The common phafeolus, with pale coloured fruit. 7. The common phafeolusi with violet coloured fruit. 8. The common phafeolus, with fruit variegated with black and red. 9. The common pbafed- /ai, with white fruit, variegated with black lines and fpots. 10. The common phafeolus, with purple fruit, variegated with circles of white, n. The letter garden phafeolus. 12. The lefier phafeolus, with pods bending upwards, and with white fruit, i 3. The black-fruited lefier phafeolus, with pods bend- ing upwards. 14. The white- fruited lefier jhafeslus, with pods bending upwards, and with black or purple circles varie- gating the fruit i<j. The Urge phafeolus, with broad white fruit, ftriated with numerous black veins. j6 The forgepba- feolus, with broad, comprefled, perfectly white fruit. 17. The large phafeolus, with large flat white ftriated fruit. j8. The large phafeolus, with fmall fnow-white tumid fruit, 19. The phafeolus, with grcenifh black fruit, refemhling thofe of the anagyris. 20. '1 he phafeolus with red fruit, refemhling that of the anagyris. 21. Th&finall phafeolus s with white fruit, marked with a black fpot. 22. The narrow-leaved ex- otic phafeolus. 23. The narrow-leaved exotic fhafeo'.us, with variegated black and white fruit. 24. '1 he fmall-leaved fo- reign phafeolus, with white, and fometimes with variegated fruit. 25. The foreign phafeolus, with the pod and the" fruit both black. 26. The foreign phafeolus, with variegated fruit. 27. The foreign phafeolus, with reddiih fruit, variegated with black lines. 28. The foreign phaje&lus, with white fruit, of the fhape of a pigeon's egg, and marked with a fingle black' fpot. 29. The foreign phafeolus, with black fruit, variegated with a white fpot. 30. The -/Ethiopian phafeolus, with black pods, ridged with rough veins, and with a black minino- feed. 31. The /Ethiopian phafeolus, with yellow leaves and a black feed. 32. The ./Ethiopian phafeolus^ with deep red pods and black feeds. 33. The black-fruited ./Egyptian phafeo'us. 34. The red-fruited /Egyptian phafeolus. 35. The American phafeolus, or lablab, with rofc-coloured fruit. 36. The Indian phafeolus, with cochlcated flowers. 37. The fcarlet-flowered phafeolus. 38. The fmalleft flowered phafeolus, with a green fruit of an oval fhape. 39. The garden phafeolus, with white fmall oval feeds. 40. The American phafeolus, which propa- gates itfelf by its tendrils. 41. The African phafeolus, with fmall white fruit. 42. The fmalleft phafedui, with very long

. pods. 43. The Brafilian phafeolus, with a black fruit, of the fize of a pea. 44. The fmall perennial African phajhlus, with

bright