Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/213

 PEA

ftri&, by which the inflammation and fymptoms may become worfe than before. Heijhr's Surgery, p. 284.

Pen is planus rjiujculus, in anatomy, a name given by Vefalius and others, to a mufcie of the penis now generally known by the name of accelerator.

PENITENTS, in the church of Rome. See Poenitentes.

PENNANT, in a fhip, a fhort rope made fair at one end to the head of the maft, or to the yard-arm, with a block at the other end, and a fhiver to receive fome rope into. All the yard-arms, except the mifen, have pennants,

PENNATED-to/", in botany. See Leaf.

PENNEVTSCH, in zoology, a name given by fome to the moft common fpecies of the fifh called bagre, caught in the Eaft and Weft Indies. Ray's Jchthyol. Append, p. 4, See thearticIeBAGRE.

PENNY (Cyd.) — ?ehkv -earth, in agriculture, a term ufed by the farmers for a hard loamy, or fandy earth, with a very large quantity of fea {hells intermixed in it 5 fome of which being round and flat, and in fome meafurc refembling pieces of money, have occafioned the earth's being called by this name. It is an earth not eafily dug, but is ufually un- dermined with pick-axes, and then falls in large lumps ; which, with the frofts, brpak to pieces, and leave the fhclls loofe. It is prepared by breaking and mixing well with wa- ter, and then makes very defirable floors. The Jerfey com- bers combpots are alfo made of it, and the fides and roofs of ovens are plaiftered with it; and being rightly managed, it combines into a floor almoft as ffrong as plaifter of Paris. Moreton's Northampt. p. 66.

PENNYROYAL, pukgium, in botany, b'c. See Pulegium. The feveral forts of pennyroyal all propagate themfelves very faft by their trailing branches, which take root at every joint; fo that no more is required in their culture and propagation 1 than to cut off and plant out thefe rooted branches : they fliould be planted at a foot diftance every way, that they I may have room to grow. The beft feafon for this is in ! September, that the plants may be rooted before winter. I They love a moift foil, and generally grow very faff. Mil- ler's Gardener's DicX

PENSILES-^r//', in antiquity, gardens raifed on arches by the) kings of Babylon. Q^ Curtius makes them equal in height 1 to the walls of the city, viz. fifty feet. Trees of a very large fize grew and flourifhed here. Hofm. Lex. in voc, jp. Curt. 1. 5. c. 1.

PENTACEROS, in, natural hiftory, a name given by Lin- kius, and fome other authors, to a kind of jiella marina, or fea Jrar-fifo, compofed of five principal rays, with feveral tranfverfe hairy or downy procefles.

PENTACT1NODOS, in natural hifiory, a name given by fome authors to thofe fpecies of ftar-fifh which are compofed of a body divided into five rays.

PENTADACTYLON, five fingers, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the rhinus or palma cbrijii, from the figure of its leaf. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

PEN TADACTYLOS /■{/"«!, the five fingered fijb, In zoology, the name of a fifh common in all the feas about the Eaft Indies, and called by the Dutch there viif vinger vifch. It has this name from five black ftreaks which it has on each fide, refembling the prints of five fingers. It grows to about a foot and a half long, and its head is fmall in proportion to its body. Its fnout is long, and its fins large, and reaching almoft to its tail. Its general colour is very bright and ele- gant, a yellow with an admixture of purple and of a filvery glofs. It has no fcales, and is a dry but not ill-tailed fifh. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 6.

PENTADACTYLOS-ASTER, in natural hiftory, a name given by Linkius, and fome other authors, to a fpecies of Jlar-fifo, compofed of a fmall body, and five principal rays, which have each feveral procefles coming from them, covered with down.

PENTAEDROSTYLA, in natural hifiory, the name of a genus of fpars. The word is derived from the Greek writ five, ®{* fides, and rwM; a column.

The bodies of this genus are fpars, in form of pentangular columns, terminated by pentangular pyramids at one end, and irregularly affixed at the other to fome folid body. Of this genus there are three known fpecies: 1. One with a very long pyramid. This is found in the mines on Men- dip-hills. 2. One with a thick column, and a very fhort and large pyramid. This is found in the Hartz foreft in Germany and in Cumberland. And 3. One with a broad deprefled pyramid. This is found, fo far as is yet known, only in the mines at Rammclfberg in the Hartz foreft in Germany. 'Hill's Hift. of Fofl". p. 220.

PENTAGON-ASTER, in natural hiftory, a name given by Linkius, and other authors, to a kind of Jiella marina, or Jiar-fifl), compofed of five rays, with a number of tranfverfe procefles hTuingfrom them, covered with a hairynefs. It is one of the genera! dalles of the Jl elite crinitcs, fo called from this hairynefs.

PENTAGONOTHECA, in botany, the name given by Vail- lant to the plant called by Linnaeus, Plumier, Houfton, and others, pifenia. It has this laft name from Pifo, the great botanift, and the other from the figure of its feed-veflH,

PEA

winch is of a fort of pentangular figure, but contains onW one cell. Vmllant k&. Germ. See Pkonia

PENTANDRIA, in botany, a clafs of plants which have' hermaphrodite flowers, with five ftamina or male parts in each. See Tab. i. of Botany, Clafs I. The word is formed of the Greek mSSi five, and 'a,™ male. Of this clafs of plants are the primrofe, willow-herb, bind- weed, fife.

PENTANGLE, in geometry, a figure with five angles

PENTAPHARMACUM, a medicine confiding of 'five ingre- dients: it has alfo been ufed in the fame feme to aliments. Adrian the emperor was, as we are informed, particularly fond of a diflr of five ingredients, called by this name The ingredients were the udder of a fow, ham, peacock, brawn, and a fort of parte.

PENTAPHYLLOIDES, in botanv, the name of a genus of plants, the chancers of which are thefe : The flower and fruit are the fame with thofe of the common cinque-foils, but the leaves do not grow as in that at the tops of the folks, but arranged along them, as in the other plants. The fpecies of pmtaphylMder, enumerated by authors, are thefe : I. The ereft pentapliyllaidcs, called by authors the Jlraiuberry-cinque-foU. 2. The procumbent pcntaphtlkides, called by authors the creeping ftraiuberry-chque-fiil. 3. The filvery pcntapbyiUdes, with alated leaves, called by authors, argentina, pctentiUa, Jiher-wecd, and wild fir,/,. 4 The upright lhrubby fentapbylloides. 5. The red-flowered marfh pentapbyllaides. 6. The red-flowered marfh pe„t„pbylkidcs, with thicker and hairy leaves. Town. Inft. p. 298. '

PENTAPLEURUM, 'a name given by fome botanical writers to the common fmall plantain, ufually called ribwort and plantago quinquenervia, from its leaves always having iuft five ribs running alonsr them. °

PENTAPTEROPHYLLUM, in botany, a name by which Dillemus has called the myriophyllum of other authors, cha^ raftered under that name in the genera plantarum of Lin' nasus, p. 459. See Myriophyllum.

PENTAUREA, a name given by fome fabulous authors to a ftone faid to have been firft found by Apollonius Tyaneus, and to poffefs the virtues of all the other {tones, and to at- tract them all to it, as the magnet does iron.

PENTECONTARCHA, among the antients, the captain, or commander of a galley, called penticontens. Pitifc, Lex. Ant. in voc. See Penteconteros, Cyd.

PENTELICUM-marmsr, in the works of the antients, a name given to a very beautiful and glolfy fpecies of white marble, of which many of the columns and flatues of larger fize of the antients were made: the Parian marble, from certain cracks and fiflures in the ftrata, feldom affording blocks of more than five foot in length.

PENTEXOCHE, a name given by authors to a fpecies of echinites, refembling the ripe fruit of a medlar, and thence called alfo jnejpikus lapis.

PENTHORUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the charafters of which are thefe : The cup is very final! and permanent; it is compofed of one leaf divided into five fegments at the edges. There is no flower, the ftamina are ten fetaceous filaments of double the length of the cup. Thefe are permanent, the anthers are roundifh and fall off very quickly. The germen of the piftil is divided into five parts, and terminates in five ftyles, which are conic, erect, and of the length of the ftamina. The ftigmata are obtufe ; the fruit is a capfule divided into five parts, and containing five cells. The feeds are numerous, fmall, and compreffed. Linncei Gen Plant, p. 204.

PENTODRYON, in botany, a name given firft by the Greek writers, and after that by the Romans, to a kind of Jlrjcbmim or nigbtjhade, which caufed madnefs in thofe who eat of it. This was called by others manicum Jlrychnum, and by fome fimply manicum.

PENTOPHTHALMOS, in zoology, the name of an Eaft Indian fifh, approaching to the European liparis or buttcrffa, but larger, and called by the Dutch there viifiog. It has thefe names from five round fpots in the tail-fin, refemblini five eyes. It is of a yellowifh colour, and is covered with a fmooth fkin, having no fcales. Its body is thick; its head fmall ; its beak long. It has two red fins, and its tail is bluifh. It is an inhabitant of the frefh waters, and is a very well-tatted fifh. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 6

PEPlN-qder. See Cyder.

PEPlTA, in the materia medica, a name given by fome au- thors to the fata Janlii Ignalii, or St. Ignatius': bean. Dale Pharm p. 328.

PEPLION, or Peplos, names given by the antients to medi- cines which they ufed as bride cathartics to purge off the bile and other humors.

PEPLIUM, in botany, a name given by the antient Greek writers to a flnub which had pinnated leaves and papiliona- ceous flowers. It is tranflated by mmy fena ; but this does not appear certainly to be right: the feveral fpecies of cdutea agree as well with this defeription as t\\zfer.a, and they have 1 indeed been called fena by many ; probably it was one of thefe.

PEPLUS,