Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/210

 PEC

P E D

This genus of fhells has had its name peBen from the longi- tudinal ftrise with which its furfe.ee is covered, which refemble the teeth of a comb. According to the general character of this fhell, it will be cafy to perceive that it is meant to include the cockles as well as the fcallops ; thefe being the peBens without ears, and With lefs flat or elated {hells. Thefe are called by all authors by a name which is only a diminutive of peBen, peBunculw. And tho' the having ears is the com- mon mark of diftinclion between the peBens and the cockles, which laft ufually have none, yet the genera are not diftinct, as forne have fuppofed ; for there are {hells allowed to be peffhtS) or fca-Iops, which have yet no ears, and others uni- verfally allowed to be peB 'uncles., cr cockles, which have ears. Hence appears the error of Lifter, who made thefe two diftin£l genera, and gave the e^rs and the equal convexity of both fhells as the great characters of them : thefe, tho' good marks to diftinguif lithe fpeciesby, are by no means unalterable enough to found different genera upon. Hiflr. Nat. Ec!a ; rc. p. 34.0. The genus of peduncles, or cockles, has been made by all au- thors a very extenfive one, but the reader will find all the fup- pofed fpecies of it very aptly received into the genus of the ■cordiformis, or hcart-jhell, and the peBens. According to this eftahlimment of the genus of the peBen, the fpecies are to be enumerated under ieveral dilrincT: heads. Thus, fome peBms are auriculated on both fides: of tbefe we have the following fpecies; I, The red peBen, called the ducal mantle 2. The yellow ducal mantle peBen. 3. The co- ral peBen, with beautiful re>l tubera. 4. Thevariegated peBen, called the St. James's Jhell. 5. The yellow variegated peBen, called the St. Michael 's Jhell. 6. The gold yellow peBen of the Cafpian fea. 7. The great redd \£h~fe£ten, 8. Thevariegated bluifh peBen, 9. The red deep furrowed peBen. 10. The umbrella peBen, or, as fome call it, the fun peBen : this is yel- low; at the upper part of the fliell, and white on the under. ir. The peBen which is variegated on the upper part, and white on the under. 1 z„ The yellow high-ribbed peBen, with a bordered lip. 13. The peBen with both fhells equally hallow. 14. The pear-fafhioned peBen. 15. The beautiful peBen, called by Rumphius, vi'rgineus. 16. TMe amufmm, or fmooth pollfhed peBen of the fame author. 17. The rough peBen, va- riegated with brown fpots. Hift. Nat. Eclairc. p. 338. Of thefe peBens, which are femiauriculated, we have the follow- ing fpecies : r. The black fpinofe />t'<f?£»: this is all over be- fet with fharp points. z. The red fpinofe peBen. 3. The grey fpinofe peBen. 4. The yellow fpinofe peBen. 5. The variegated fpinofe peBen. 6. The fmooth white peBen. Of thofe peBens which have no ears at all, we have the follow- ing fpecies; r. The rough peBen, called the file cockle. 2. The oblong white rough peBen. 3. The yellowifti ribbed and jagged peBen. 4. The variegated peBen, jagged at the edge.

5. The thick peBen, with blue, yellow, and brown ftreaks.

6. The fmooth variegated peBen. 7. The white globofe peBen, called the common cockle.

This {hell-fifli is one of the {pinners of the fea, having a power of fpinning or forming threads like the mufcle; but they are much fhorter and coarfer even than thofe of that fifh : lb that they can never be wrought into any fort of work, in the manner of the longer and finer threads of the pinna marina. The ufe of thefe threads which the peBen or fca Hop fpins, is to fix the creature to any other body that is near, whether it be a ftone, a piece of coral, or another ibt.lL AH thefe threads proceed, as in the mufcle, from one common trunk ; they make their way out of the fhell in thofe peBens which have only one ear, a little below that ear ; in the others probably they ifl'ue out on both fides. It is an evident proof, that the fifh has a power of fixing itfelf at pleafure to any folid body by means of thefe threads, that after ftorms the fcallops are often found tolled upon rocks, where there were none the day be- fore; and yet thefe arc fixed by their threads, as well as thofe which had .remained ever fo long in their place. They form their threads in the very fame manner with the mufcle, only their organ which ferves for fpinning is fhorter, and has a wider hollow, whence the threads are neceflarily thicker and fhorter. See Mytulus.

PECTINATION, ombing of the head. Frequent peBination is recommended by many phyficians to women, and men who wear their hair, as an exercife; and at the fame time, a kind of friction.

PECTORAL (Cycl). — Pectoraus internus, in anatomy, a name given by Riolan and others to a mufcle of the brcaft, now generally known by the name of the triangularis Jlerni ; called by the older writers, fexius thoracis.

Pectoral is major, a large, thick, and flcfhy mufcle, cover- ing the breaft from the ftomach, where it is very broad, to the axilla, where it contracts in its paflage to the arm. It is na- turally divided into two portions, one fupeiior and fmall, and the other inferior and large; the firft may properly be called the clavicular portion, the orhcr the thoracic. The clavicular portion is fixed by a flelhy infertion in almoft half the clavicle next the fternum, ending under the infertion of the fterno-maftoidasus; from thence it runs obliquely down towards the axilla, contraaing by fmall degrees, and finally ending In a flat tendon or tendinous band. The thoracic por- tion is broad, and in fome meafure radiated. It is fixed by its

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anterior circumference in the lateral part of the outfide of the fternum, in the outfide of the cartilages, and in a fmall part of the bones of all the true ribs, and of the firft and fometimes the fecond falfe rib ; all thefe infertions are like fo many digi- tations. The infertions in the fternum, end by a great num- ber of very fhort tendons, which run towards the middle of the bone, meeting and decuffating thofe from the fame mufcle on the other fide.

This mufcle, together with the deltoides, fends off an aponeu- rofisjwhichjoiningthatofthe bicep?, is fpread over the mufcles of the arm : it partly covers the pedtoralis minor, and ferratus major; and by its broad tendon covers tranfverfely the bra- chial channel, and the tendon of the biceps lodged there. Laftly, it forms the anterior border of the hollow of the ax- illa, as the pofterior is formed by the latiflimus dorfi. /^'inflow's Anat. p. 180.

Pectoralis raW, a mufcle called alfo triangularis. It is fmall and flefhy, fomething of a triangular fhape, and is fituated at the fuperior, lateral, and anterior part of the thorax. By its bafis it is inferred into the external labium of the upper edge of the fecond, third, fourth and fifth true ribs, near their union with the cartilages, by the fame number of dicta- tions, or feparate flelhy portions, between the intervals of the ribs; and for that reafon it has been called the ferratus minor anticus. From hence thefe portions run up more or lefs ob- liquely toward the fhoulder, and form a flelhy belly, which contracts as it pafTes before the two firft ribs; and then becom- ing a lhort, flat, and broad tendon, is inferted in the upper part of the apophyfis coracoides of the fcapula, reaching all the way to the point of that procek. This mufcle is covered by the peBoralis major, and adheres very clofejy to the external intercoftal mufcles. The digitations commonly taken notice of cover and hide feveral others, by which the number of fibres and thicknefs of this mufcle is increafed. Its tendon unites a little at the apex of the coracoide apophyfis, with theinfertion of the coraco-brachialis, and with that of one portion of the biceps.

PECTOREL, in our old writers, armour for the breaft, a breaft-plate or petral, for a horfe. It is mentioned Stat 14.. Car. II. c. 3. '

The word peBorel comes from the Latin peBus, a breaft.

PECTORIS offa, in fifties. The bones of the breaft and belly are beft fought after in the cetaceous and fpinofe kinds. In the fpinofe kinds they are thefe : the clavicles, the fternum, the fcapulae, or bones, to which the pinna peBorales are affixed at their bafis, the bones at the roots of the pinna ventrales. The number, fituation, and figure of thefe differ greatly in the feveral kinds of fifh, and make very eflential characters. Artedi Ichthyol.

PECUARII, among the Romans, thofe who farmed the public paftures, in order to let them again to advantage. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc.

PECULATOR, one who is guilty of the crime called peculate. See Peculate, Cycl.

PEDARIAN, in antiquity, thofe fenators who fignified their votes by their feet, not their tongues; that is, fuch as walked over to the fide of thofe whofe opinion they approved of, in divifions of the houfe.

The origin of the word Dr. Middleton thinks owing to this, that tho 5 the magiftrates of Rome had a right to a place and vote in the fenate, as well during their office as after it, and before they were put upon the roll by the cenfors, yet they had not probably a right to fpeak or debate there on any queftion, at leaft in the earlier times of the republic. For this feems to have been the original diftimffion between them and the antient fenators, as it is plainly intimated in the for- mule of theconfular edict, fent abroad to fummon the fenate, which was addreffed to all fenators, and thofe who had a right to vote in the a fenate. From which diftinclion, thefe laft, who had only a right to vote, were called by way of ridicule, peda- rian ; becaufe they fignified their votes by their feet, not their tongues, and upon every divifion of the houfe, went over to the fide of thofe whofe opinion they approved b. It was in allufion to this old cuftom, which feems, however, to have been wholly dropt in the later ages of the republic, that the mute part of the fenate continued ftill to be called by the name of pedarians, as we learn from Cicero % who in giving an account to Atticus, of a certain debate and decree of the fenate upon it, fays, that it was made with the eager and ge- neral concurrence of the pedarians, tho' againft the authority of all the confulars J. [ a Feflus in voc. fenatores, A. Gell. 1. 3 . 18. b Vid. A Gell. ibid. Fefl. in pedarius. <= Ad Attic. 1. 10 d Middlet. of Rom. fen. p. 86. fcq.]

PEDATURA, in Roman antiquity, was ufed for a fpace or pro- portion of a certain number of feet fet out. Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. in voc.

The word occurs frequently in writers about military affairs : thus in Hyginus de Caftrametatione we meet with, memineri- mus itaque ad computationem cohortis- equitata: milliarice pedaturam ad tmlletrecentn j'exaginia dari debere ; which is to be thus ex- plained: the pedatura, or fpace allowed for a cobors equitata, or provincial cohort, confifting of both horfe and foot, (fee Cohors equitata) could not be the fame as the pedatura of an uniform body of infantry, of the fame number, but muft ex- 4 ceed