Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/200

 PAS

be poured into a colander made with fuch I le compofition pafs thro' : if any of it is fo

■ the whole is to b

holes as will let tin

friff that it will not go thro', it muft be beat again in a mor- tar, and by that means made fit to pafs the holes and mix with the reft. When the whole is done, it is to be put into a pot, and a little clarified honey being melted and poured on it, it will keep very well for fix months or longer.

PASTELL, (Cycl;} a name given by fome to the ifatis, or woad. See the articles Woad and Is axis.

PASTERN (Cycl. ) — Vaster n -joint, in the manege, called al- fo the. fetlock of a horfe's leg, is the joint above the paflern, which ferves for a fecond knee in each fore leg, and a fecond ham or hough, to each hinder leg. The fetlock is apt to be cut by the fide of one of the fhoes ; and when that happens, we fay, a horfe cuts or interferes. Sprains happen upon the fetlock, and cratches above it behind.

PASTINACHA, parfnep, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe: The flowers are difpofed in umbells, and are of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals arranged in a circular order upon a cup ; which finally becomes a fruit compofed of two large oval,'flattifb, marginated feeds ; which frequently depofit their covering. To this it may be added, that the leaves are large and alatcd.

The fpecies of parfnep, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: i. The great broad-leaved garden parfnep. 2. The broad-leaved wild parfnep. 3. The largeft wild parfnep, called by authors panax cojkriums. Tourn. Inft. p. 319. See the ar- ticle Parsnep.

Pastinacha ?natina, in zoology, the name of a fifh, called in Englifh tht poifon fijl), or fierce flaw. It is one of the flat car- tilaginous iifhes, anil fomething like the common fkate. It ts very broad, and is thick in the middle, ard thin at the edges ; fmooth ikined, and yellowifh on the back, and of a filvery white on the belly ; but the ridge, or middle part of the back and the tail, are blue. It has only two fmall fins, which furround the anus; the whole body is, however, thinned off at the edges into a fort of fins. Its fnout is very iharp ; its eyes large and protuberant; its mouth is fmall, and without teeth \ but its jaws are rough and rugged. Its nofrrils are very large, and placed near the mouth, and of a lunulated figure. Its tail, in which all its poifon is lodged, is long, fmooth, and round, with a thorn, or dart, of a finger's length, toothed on each fide like a faw, with the teeth (land- ing upwards, or toward the head. This is placed at the di fiance of about one third of the length of the tail ; and that from this place grows very flender, and ends in a very flender point. It grows, fometimes, to ten pound weight ; and when the tail is cut off", is commonly fold in the markets in Italy and ellewhere. See Tab. of Fifhes, N? 6. Authors give us many remarkable accounts of the poifon of this fifh, which it communicates to animals by the ftroke of its tail. They mention alfo two kinds of it; that is, befide the ordinary fpecies which is fmooth, another called the pa- flhiacba marina afpera^ which is rough and prickly. Jonfon, de Pifc. p. 19,

PASTOPHORI, nojropfiffli, among the antients, priefts whofe bufinefs it was, at folemn feftivals, to carry the fhrine of the deity, when they were to pray to him for rain, fair weather, or the like. Pttifc. in voc.

PASTOPHORIA, in antiquity, the apartments near the temples where the pajhphor't were lodged.

Clemens Alexandrinus a, defcribing the temples of the Egyp- tians, fays, that after having pafTcd through magnificent courts, you are conducted to a temple, which is at the farther end of thefe courts, and then a fajispborus gravely lifts up the veil which is at the door, to fhew you the deity within ; which is nothing but a dog or a cat, or fome other animal. Thefe paftophori alfo fupported the fhrine, or niche of thefe ridi- culous divinities, when they were carried in proceflion, Apu- leius b fpeaks of the pajlophcn that carried the Syrian goddefs. — [ a Clem. Alex. 1. 3. c 2. Psedag. b Apul. Afin. Aur. I. 10. c. 11. Calm. Diet. Bibl. in voc. pafiophoria.] In the temple of Jerufalem there were two courts furrounded with galleries, and all round about were feveral lodcrino- rooms for the priefts, and to lay up wood, wine, oil, fait, meal, fpices, incenfe, veftments, valuable veflels, and proviftons ne- ceflary for the facrifices and lamps ; as alfo for the fupport and maintenance of priefts. Vid. 1 Cbrcn. ix. 26, 33. Ezek. xl. J 7, & 18. 1 Chron. xxvi. 16. CalmeU Diet. Bibl.

PASTOR (Cycl.) — Pastor pifch, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the mullet kind, caught in the American leas and rivers, and efteemed a very well tafted one. It is of the ufual fize of our river-trout, and not unlike that fifh in fhape. Its fcales are large and of a filvery white; and are ranged in the fame order that thofc of the perch are, with greyifh lines between the feveral arrangements. It has feven fins all very large, efpecially that on the back; and its tail is remarkably forked. All the fins are white, and the coverings of the gills are fcaly, not bony, as in molt other fifhes ; whence it has been fuppofed to have no gills. Margrave's [lift, of Brafil.

PASTORAL, in the Italian mufic, an air compofed after a very

P A S

fweet, eafy, gentle manner, in imitation of the airs fhep- herds are fuppofed to play. PASTURE (Cycl.) — Pajlure-land is of fuch advantage to hufbandry, that many prefer it even to corn-land, becaufe of the fmall hazard and labour that attends it, and as it lays the foundation for moft of the profit that is expected from the arable-land ; becaufe of the manure the cattle afford which are fed upon it. Where dung is not to be bought, as is often the cafe in places diftant from large towns, the farmer is forced to proportion his arable to his paflure-hnd, in fuch manner, that the cattle fed on the latter may be fufficient for a fupply of dung, fo neceftary for producing the fruits of the former.

Pa/lure-hmds are of three kinds: 1. The uplands : thefe lie fo high as not to be overflowed by rivers, or laud- floods. 2. Thofe low lands which lie near rivers and fens. And 3. Thofe that He near the fea. Mortimer'* Hufbandiy, p. 15. Seethe articles Up-land, Marsh-land, C9Y. Pa/ittre-fand requires the rcfrefhment of dun?, as well as the arable or corn-land; but there is to be a difference made in the laying it on and fpreading it. A harrow performs the office of fpreading the dung on ploughed lands ; but the beft contrivance for paftures, is, to lay the dung in fmall heaps, and draw over it a gate ftuck full of bufhes. All dung that is laid on pa/lwe-hnd, muft be laid on in winter, that the rains may wafh its fatnefs into the ground before the fun fcorches it, or evaporates its goodnefs. Fine mould mixed with the dung, and fpread with it over the land, is very good for pafiures ; for it is wafhed down to the very roots of the grafs, and gives them a new and fine foil juft in thofe places where it is moft wanted.

The beft manure for pa/lure -laud, is, the rotten bottoms of old hay-ftacks; for thefe moulder away into a very rich foil, and are always full of vaft quantities of feed, fallen at times from the hay, which all grow when fpread on the ground : and thus new nourishment, and a new fet of plants are given at once to the exhaufted ground. But as particularly ufeful as this is for pa/lure- ground, it is as improper for corn-land, and mould by no means ever be fuffered to mix with the ma- nure for thofe grounds ; as it will then raife grafs and other plants, which tho' of ufe in the pajhire, are weeds among the corn. Mortimer's Hufbandry.

Artificial Pasture. As to the difference of the quantity of artificial pa/lure made by dung without tillage, and that made by tillage without dung, the latter is many times greater, as has been proved by repeated experiments on unploughed land whereon a dunghill had Iain for two or three years, and being then removed, was planted with turneps; and at the fame time a tilled land contiguous thereto, was drilled with turneps andhorfe-hoed. The other being hand-hoed, feemed to profper beft at firft, but, in fine, it did not amount to a fifth part of the tilled and horfe-hoed land, either in bignefs or in crops ; fo that the benefit of the dung and hand-hoe was inconfiderable in comparifon of the plough and horfe-hoe. The little quan- tity of artificial pajfure raifed to the other, was only near the furface, and did not reach deep enough to maintain the tur- neps till they arrived at the fifth part of the growth of thofe which were placed in an artificial pafiure, that reached to the bottom of the common bed of mould:

Another proof of the fame kind, is, tharfeveral lands of tur- neps drilled on the level, and at three foot rows, ploughed and doubly dunged, and alfo horfe-hoed, did not produce nearly fo good a crop of turneps as fix foot ridges adjoining horfe hoed, tho' no dung had been laid on them of many years.

Inthis.cafe, there was no other difference but that the three foot rows did not admit the hoe-plough to raife half the ar- tificial pajftcre as the fix foot rows did. The dung ploughed in- to the narrow intervals before drilling, could operate no far- ther with any great effect, than the hoe-plough could turn it up and help its pulverization. Upon the whole, dun°- without tillage can do very little ; with fome tillage it does fomething, with much tillage it pulverifes the foil in much lefs time than tillage alone can do it in ; but tillage alone, in more time can pulverife it as well. Much of the dung commonly ufed' on fields is to be faved on this principle ; a little morehoeino- between the rows of the plants fupplies the place of it and is done at much lefs expence than that of fo much manure of the hands neceffary to lay it on, and the carriage. Tu/l's Horfe-hoeing Hufbandry.

Pasture of plants. Plants themfelves make the paflure for animals ; but before they are in a condition to give nourifh- ment to them, they muft themfelves receive that nourifhment from the earth. This paflure of plants feems lodged out of the way of our fenfes ; and the ignorance in regard to this, feems the reafon why husbandry, tho' one of the moft ufeful and neceflary arts to man, has been treated in a very fuperficial manner by the authors who have written of it. The food, or matter of increafe of plants, is earth ; and therefore, that may be properly enough called their pa- fiwe.

This paflwe is the inner, or internal fuperficies of the earth ■ or, which is the fame thing, it is the fuperficies of the pores^

cavities