Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/196

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It is broad, fiat, and roundifh ; of no great thicknefs, and is ufuaily of about five or fix inches long, and more than four broad. It has fix fins, one large and long, one on the back, and smother on the belly, behind the anus. Each of thefe reaches to the tail, and has, toward the end, a long firing or cord, made of a fingle filament; that, on the back fin, be ing longer than that on the belly. Behind the gills it has al- fo two fins of two fingers breadth long, and one broad ; and two others on t e belly, which are very narrow. Its head is fmall, and its mouth elevated and fmall, and furnifhed with fmall teeth. Its fcales are of a moderate fize, and are half black and half yellow ; fo that the fifh appears of a black co- lour, variegated with yellow half moons. Its gills, and the beginning of its fins, are alfo yellow; and it has, on each fide near the head, ayellowfpot; it is an eatable fifh. Marg- ffrtfw'sHift. of Brafil. PARULIDkS, in furgery. See Gum-boils. PARUS, the titmoufe, in zoology, the name of a genus of fmall birds, of which there are feveral fpecies ; fome very com- mon with us, the others of foreign origin. The Englim kinds are, I. The fingillago, or great titmoufe. SeeFiUN- G li.Aco. 5. The parus titer, or co'emoufe, which has a black head, white (pot on the back part of it, a greyifh green back, and a green rump. This is the fmalleft of all the kind, not weighing above two drams. 3. The parus palujlr'u, or marjh titmoufe, commonly called the black cap. This is fome- thing larger than the colemoufc, and weighs three drams ; its head'is black, but its jaws white ; its back greenifh, and its feet of a lead colour. It has a larger tail alfo than the cokmoufe, and wants the white fpot at the back of its head, which is its diftinguifhing character. 4. The parus earn/em, or blue titmoufe, or nun. This is of the fame fize with the black cap, but its head is blue, with a circle of white drawn round it ; and round that white circle there is another of different colours, which furrounds the back part of the head and throat ; ; there runs on each fide a black line, from the beak to the hinder part of the head, and the jaws are white ; the back is of a greemfh yellow, its fides, breaft, and belly, yellow; but there runs a white line longitudinally down the middle of its breaft 5. The parus caiidatus, or long-tailed titmoufe. The head of this fpecies is white, the neck black, and feveral black lines of the fame colour, run from the beak to the back of the head ; the breaft is white, variegated with fmall fpots of brown ; the belly and fides are of a pale chefnut colour. Its tail is extremely long, and is variegated with black and white. It is found in gardens and orchards, and builds its neft with great art and nicety. Marggravis Hift. of Brafil. The kinds not known to be found in England, are the blue American one called gulracenoia. See Gu iracenoia. The faruscriflatus, or crejied titmoufe, known by its black head being fimbriated with white feathers, and its creft, which it can at pleafure raife to a fingers breadth high : and the parus fyha- ttcuf, or zujod titmoufe, of Gefner and Aldrovand, which is very fmall, and is diftinguifhed from all others by a red fpot on its head, /fldrovand. de Avib.

The titmoufe, in the Linnxan fyftem of zoology, makes a diilinct genus of birds, of the order of the paficres ; the di- ftinguiihing characters of which arc thefe : The extremity of the tongue is truncated, or as it were cut off, and terminated by four brirties, and the beak is pointed. Linruci Syftema Naturae, p 49.

The genera! characters of the parus kind, according to Mr. Ray, are, that they are all very fmall, and are fond of climbing about trees, where they feed on the fmall infects they find in their bark; tho' fome of them will alfo eat feeds. 7 "hey are always reftlefs ; the'r beak- are fhort, and their tails long; they make a con- siderably loud noife, fome of them finging very agreeably; and all lay a great number of eggs. Rays Ornithology, p. 1 74. PARVUS mifi mufu'm, in anatomy, a name given by CafTe- rius, and fome others, to a fmall mufcle of the nofe, called by Alhinus compreffor navis j by Window, tranfverjdlis, or inferior naji ; and by Cowper, elevator ala naft. Parvus et tenuis falpebw, in anatomy, a name given by Fal- lopius to one of the muffles of the face, called by Cowper and Douglafs, aperient palpcbram reftus ; and by Albinus, the levator palpebral fuperioris. See Aperiens, Cycl. and Suppl. PARYPATE, in the antient niufic, was the name of that note or chord of a tetrachord which lay next to the hypate. As the hypate was the principalis, the firft or principal found, according to Martianus Capello's tranflation ; fo the parypate was, according to him, the fub principalis. See the article Tetrachord.

The name parypate was given to this fecond note when a te- trachord was confideied fepnrately from others ; but when com- bined, this chord fomctimes took the name trite. See the articles Diagram and Trite. Parypate bypaton, in the antient Greek fcale of mufic, was the fecond note of the hypaton tetrachord, and anfwers to C-fa-ut of Guido's fcale. IValUs, Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 15;. See DiAG&AM and Parypate.. Parvpate mefoji, in the Greek mufic, was the fecond note of the mefpn tetrachord, and anfwers to F-fa-ut of the Guido- nian fcale. WalUs, Append. Ptolem. Harm. p. 157. See

DiAGRAM. . 2

PAS

j PAS de furls, in the military art, the fame with liziere. See the article Liziere, Cycl.

PASHA, an office of dignity under the Grand Seignior, other- wife called bajlmw. See Bashaw, Cycl. All Egypt is, on the part of the Grand Seignior, governed by a pajha, who has in reality but little power ; but feems prin- cipally to be meant for the means of communicating to his divan of beys, and to the divans of the feveral military ogiacs, that is, their bodies, the orders of the Grand Seignior, and to fee that they be executed by the proper officers. If he farms the country of the Grand Seignior, the fines that are paid when any life drops upon the lands belong to him ; for originally all the lands of Egypt belonged to the Grand Seignior ; and the porte ftill looks on them as its own : but the Grand Seignior's power being now loft, they all go to the next heir ; who mult, however, be inverted by the pajha, and is glad to compound for a fmall fum.

The nature of the pajha's office requires him to be ever at- tempting means to cut off fuch as are too afpiring, or en- gaged in defigns that may be any way prejudicial to the porte. This often occafions his own depofition ; but he is in no care about that, as his perfon is always facred j and his lofing this poft is only a ftep to higher preferment. Pccock's Egypt, Vol. 1. p. i6z.

PASHAUNA beady, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of the Eaft Indies to a kind of fibrofe talc, found in the fides of the mountains, and ufed in medicine with them. They calcine it, and then powder and boil it in milk, and give half a dram for a dofe mixed in milk, for the gravel and ftone.

PASS (Cycl.) — Pass, among miners, a frame of boards confift- ing of two or three bottom boards and two fide ones, fet Hope-wife ; thro 5 which the ore Aides down into the coffer of the flamping mill.

PASQUE-yW*r, in botany. See Pulsatilla.

PASSACAGLIO, in the Italian mufic, is properly no more than a chacone. See Chacone.

The only difference then, is, that the movement of the paf- facaglio is fomewhat graver, the tune fofter, and the expreffion lefs lively : they are for the moft part in the minor modes, or flat keys.

PASSADE, (Cycl.) in the manege. This cannot be performed without changing the hand, or turning and making a demi- tour at each of the extremities of the ground. Hence it is, that there are feveral forts of pajfades, according to the dif- ferent ways of turning, in order to part or put again, and re- turn upon the fame pifte, or tread ; which we call clofing the paffade. See Close and Serrer.

A paffade of five time', or a demivolt of five times, is a demi- tour made at the end of the ftraight line, one hip in, in five times of a gallop upon the haunches; and at the fifth time ought to have clofed the demivolt, and to prefent upon the paJ/ade-Yme ftraight and ready to return. The demivolts of five times or periods, are the moft common airs of changing the hand or turning, that are now practifed.

Furious pajfades, thofe performed upon a full career, being moft- ly ufed in duels. To make thefe pajfades, you put your horfe ftraight forwards, and towards the extremity of the line make a half flop, keeping the horfe ftraight without traverfinf ; then you make the demivolt at three times, in fuch a man- ner, that the third time the horfe prefents ftraight upon the paffade line ready to fet out again upon a fhort gallop. You continue this fhort gallop half the length of the paJJ'ade, then you put on furioufiy at full fpeed ; and at the end of the paf- fade mark a half flop, and then a demivolt of three times. This you continue to do as long as the horfe's wind and ftrength will hold. This paffade at full fpeed, fuppofes that the horfe has an excellent mouth, and requires ftrength and agility both in the horfe and horfeman. There are but few horfes that are capable of it.

Paffade of one time, is a demivolt or turn, made by the horfe, in one time, of his fhoulders and haunches. To make this paf- fade, which is the moft perfect of all, the horfe fhould ftand ftraight upon the paJfa-ie-Yme ; and then putting forwards, he forms a half flop, making falcades two or three times in fuch a manner, that he is flill ftraight upon the line ; and at the lafl time he prepares to turn nimbly, and retain to fix his haunches as a center ; fo that the demivolt is performed in only one time of the fhoulders : and tho' the haunches make likewife a time, they make it in the center, or upon the fame fpot, and de fentte a ferine, as the French call it.

Raijed or high pajfades, are thofe in which the demivolts are made in corvets.

In all pajjades the horfe fhould, in making the demivolt, ga- ther and bring in his body, making his haunches accompany his fhoulders, without falling back, or not going forward enough each time : and he fhould go in a ftraight line, with- out traverfing or turning his croupe out of the line.

PASSAGE (Cycl.) —Birds of Passage, a name given to thofe birds which at certain ftated feafons of the year remove from certain countries, and at other ftated times return to them again, as our fwallows, and many other fpecies. The places to which thefe birds retire on their leaving the countries in which they have made their abode, for a certain

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