Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/194

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of others, and therefore could not conftitute a proxy in their place ; according to that maxim of law, delegata pctejlas non poteft delegari. 4 Inft. 1 2.

Both houfes muft: be prorogued together, and diffolved toge- ther ; for one cannot fubfift without the other ". [ a Sir Ro- bert Atkin's argument.]

PARNASSIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : 1. The flower is of the rofa- ceous kind, being compofed of fcveral petals, fome large and others fmaller, fimbriated and arranged in a circular form. The piftil arifes from the cup, and finally becomes a mem- branaceous fruit of an oval fignre, unicapfular, and containing fmall feeds affixed to a four-foid placenta. There is only one known fpecies of this plant. See Tab. I. of Botany, Clafs 6. and Tourn. Inft. p. 246.

PARNOPS, in natural hiftory, the name of a fpecies of wafp, found very frequently in vineyards, and among the wine- preffes, efpecially in hot countries. It is diftinguifhed from all the other wafps by the roundnefs of its body, which is not (lender or flatted in the common way, but round and tumid.

PAROCHETEUSIS, a term ufed by Hippocrates to exprefs a derivation of the humors from one part, in order to the eva- cuating them by another not far diftant. This is often a very happy turn for the cure of a difeafe.

PAROCHUS, among the Romans, one who provided mules, tents, and carriages, with all other neceflaries, for the provin- cial magistrates in their journies, as alfo for ambaflkdors. For in the early times of the republic, they had their charges borne by the public, that the allies or provincials might not be bur- thened. Pltifc. in voc.

PARONYCHIA, whit/owgrafs, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe: the flower has no petals, but is compofed of numerous ftamina, arifing from a cup formed into the fhapc of a bafm and divided into five fegments. The piftil finally becomes an orbicular feed, which is contained in a fort of pentangular capfule, which was once the cup f-f the flower.

The fpecies of paronych'-a, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: 1. The Spanifh paronychia, called by fome the white anthyllis, and white fmall kndt-grafs. 2. The upright Nar- bonne paronychia. 3. The broad-leaved prqeumbent parony- chia. 4. The chickweed-leaved procumbent Spanifh parony- chia, with lefs compact heads. 5. The fhrubby myrrh leaved Spanifh paronychia. 6. The knotgrafs- leaved Portugal paro- nychia, with echinated heads. Tourn. Inft. p. 507.

PARRELS, in a {hip, are frames made of trucks, ribs, and ropes, which having both their ends faftened to the yards, are fo contrived as to go round about the mafts, that the yards by their means may go up and down upon the mafts. Thefe alfo, with the breaft ropes, faften the yards to the m.afts.

PARROT, the Englifh name exprefling in general the whole pfittacus kind, but appropriated by ufe to that clafs only of them, which is of a middU fize between the macaw and paro- quette.

The common green parrot is of this kind, and befides that, there are eleven other known fpecies : 1. The white crefted parrot. 2. The fpotted beaked kind. 3. The black beaked kind. 4. The white headed one. 5. The changeable, or red and blue parrot. 6. The blue-grey one, common in our cages. 7. The red and white one. 8. The Ajuracura, or blue and green parrot of the Brafils; of which there are two fubordinate fpecies befide the common one, the one with a fea-green, and the other with an admixture of black about the head. 9. The paragua, a black parrot with a red belly 10. Thetarabe, a green one with a red head. And 11. The ajuracatinga, a parrot of considerable fize, all over of a beauti- ful green, except that the beak is white and the legs grey ; and of this there is a fmaller fpecies, no way different except in fize. The four Lift are Brafilian birds, the reft are natives of both the Eaft and Weft Indians; but many of them have never been (ten amongft us. Ray's onrithology, p. 74, 75. 76.

PARSLEY, apium, in botany, fcfV, See Apjum.

PARSNEP, pajiinacha, in botany, fee Pastinacha.

The parfnep is to be propagated by fowing the feeds in February or March, in a rich mellow foil, which muff: be deep du^ that the roots may be able to run deep without hindrance. It is a common practice to fow carrots at the fame time, upon the fame ground with the parfneps ; and if the carrots are de- figned to be drawn young, there is no harm In it. The parfneps when they are grown up a little, muff: be thinned to a foot diftance, and carefully kept clear of weeds. They are fineft tafted juft at the fcafon when the leaves are decayed ; and fuch as are defirous to eat them in fpring, fhould have them taken up in autumn, and preferved in fand. When the feeds are to be fayed, fome very ftrong and fine plants fhould be left for it at four feet diftance, and towards the end of Auguft, or in the beginning of September, the feeds will be ripe : they muft then be carefully gathered, and dried on a coarfe cloth. 7'hey fhould always be fown the fpring following, for they do not keep well. Miller's Gard Diet.

The common wild parfnep is frequent by road-fides and in dry paftures ; it flowers in autumn and ripens its feed foon after.

The feeds deferve to be brought into ufe in medicine much more than they are atprefent. They are warm and carmina- tive, tho' not fo violently hot as the caraway feeds and others which we commonly ufe on thefe occafions. They difpel fla- tufes, and are in great efteem among the country people for curing the colic. They alfo are diuretic and aperient, and gently promote the menfes.

PART (Cyd.) — Part, in the manege, in French partir, is ufed to fignify the motion and action of a horfe when put on at full fpeed. From the horfe's parting to his flop there is commonly two hundred paces of ground. To make your Horfe fart with a good grace, you muft put your bridle three fingers lower, and prefs gently with your heels, or only with the calves of your legs. See Echaper.

To Part again. See Repart.

Part owners, thofe that are concerned in fhip matters, and who have joint fhares therein.

PARTERRE, [Cycl. ) in gardening, a level divifion of ground, which for the molt part faces the fouth, or beft front of a houfe, and is generally furnifhed with ever greens, flowers, C3V. There are two kinds of thefe, the plain ones and the parterres of embroidery.

Plain parterres are moft valuable in England, becaufe of the firmnefs of the Englifh grafs turf, which is fuperior to that of any other part of the world'; and the parterres of embroidery are cut into fliell and fcroll work, with alleys between them. An oblong, or long fquare, is accounted the moft proper fi- gure for a parterre; and a parterre fhould, indeed, be always twice as long as it is broad, becaufe, according to the known laws of perfpective, a long fquare always finks to a fquare; and an exact fquare always appears lefs than it really is. As to the breadth of a parterre, it is to be proportionable to the front of the houfe ; but lefs than a hundred feet in breadth is too little.

There fhould be on each fide the parterre a terras walk raifed for a view, and the flat of the parterre between t' e terrafes fhould never be more than three hundred feet, at the utmoflr, in breadth; and about a hundred and forty feet in width, with twice and a half that in length, is efteemed a very o- od fize and proportion. Miller's Gard. Diet.

PARTHENIUM, in botany, the name given by Linnaeus to a large genus of plants, comprehending, befide the parthema commonly fo called, the partheniaftrum of Niftble and Dille- nius, and the hyfterophorus and tarchonanthus of the fame author, and of Vaillant. The characters of the genus are thefe: the common cup is very fimple, being five leaved and expanded ; the leaves of it are roundifh, plane and equal ; the corolla is compound and convex ; the corollulx or femiflof- cules are very numerous ; and the hermaphrodite ones are placed in the center. The female ones are only five in num- ber; they are placed in the verge or radius, and fcarce ex- ceed the others in length. The hermaphrodite flowers are monopetalous, tubulofe, and erect; the rim divided into five fegments, and of the length of the cup. The female ones are monopetalous and tubulofe, but they are flatted at the end, ob- tufe, and roundifh, and of the fame length with the herma- phrodite ones. In the hermaphrodite flowers there are five capillary filaments ferving as ftamina ; thefe are of the length of the flower, and the antbera? are thick and almoft loofe. In the hermaphrodite flowers the piftil has a germen placed under the cup, and fo fmall as to be fcarce vifible ; the ftyle is very flender, and fhorter than the ftamina, and it has no ftigma. In the female flowers the germen of the piftil is tur- binated and cordated at the end, and is naked and of a com- preffed figure ; the ftyle is capillary and of the flower's length ; there are on this two capillary ftigmata of the fame kind, and opening at their tops. There is no other fruit but the cup, which remains upon the plant unaltered. The feed in the hemaphrodite flowers is abortive, and in the female remains in the cup and isfingle, of a turbinated form, cordat- ed at the extremity, and comprefled. The flowers are fo difpofed in the head, that every female has two hermaphro- dite ones at its back. Linnai Gen. PI. p. 455. Ni/fble, A. G. 171 1. Dillen. Gen. 13. Hort. Elth. 22. Vaillant, A. G. 1720. p. 1719.

Some of the Greek writers have called the parthenium by the name of the fweet marjoram, amaracus \ and this has often occasioned great doubts, as to which of the two plants was meant. Diofcorides fays, that the parthenium was bv fome called Leucanthemum; and by others, amaracus. Pliny fays, that fome called it tamnacw ; but this is evidently only a falfc print, for he has trrnflated the before mentioned words of Diofcorides in the very order in which they ftand in that au- thor, and the word tamnacus fhould be amaracus. But this is not the only perplexity Pliny has occafioned about this plant: he has tranflated the account of it in a Greek author, which plainly fhews, that the plant was the fame that we now call by the name parthenium. Pliny has miftaken his original when he fays, that it has a white flower, fwelling like an apple; whereas the original fays, that the exterioi border of the flower was white, and the central part a difcus yellow The antients had another parthenium, which they diftinguifhed by the name murak. This is our parietaria.

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