Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/191

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PARASPHAGTS, a word ufed by fome anatomical writers to exprefs that part of die neck which is contiguous to the cla- vicles.

PARASTREMMA, a name given by medical writers to a con- vulfive diftortion of the mouth, or of any part of the face,

PARATHENAR-/»fl/w, a pretty long mufcle forming part of the outer edge of the fole of the foot. It is commonly called hypotbenar, but very improperly, according to the proper fig- nification of that word. It is fixed backward by a flefhy body to the outer part of the lower fide of the os calcis, from the fmall pofterior externa! tuberofity all the way to the anterior tuberofity. there it joins the metatarfius ; and at the bafis of the fifth metatarfal bone, feparates from it again, and forms a tendon which is inferted in the outfide of the firft phalanx of the little toe near its bafis, and near the infertion of the para- tbenar-miaor. IFinfew's Anatomy, p. 226.

Parathenar-?wW, a flefhy mufcle fixed along the pofterior half of, the outer and lower fide of the fifth bone of the me- tatarfus ; it terminates under the head of that bone in a ten- don which is inferted in the lower part of the bafis of the firft phalanx of the little toe.

The tendinous infertion of this mufcle is very clofely united to the cartilaginous ligament ; and the fame thing is to be obferved of the other mufcles, which go to the bafis of the firft and fecond phalanges of the toes. In aged perfons, fome part of thefe ligaments are often turned to bone, and there- by form thofe bony portions which many have taken for dif- tinct fefkmoi.de bones. IVinJlo-afs Anatomy, p. 226. This mufcle is more expreffively named by Albinus, t\\e flexor brevis d'giti minimi pedis.

PARATI, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian fifh of the mul- let kind, much refembltng that fpecies called eurema, or tain- tra, in all refpecb but fize; and in the colour of its eyes, the iris of which, inftead of the filvery colour it has in the curcma, is of a fine yellow. Its flefh alfo when dreffed, is drier than that of the curetna. Pifo's Hift. of Braf. See the article Cur'ema.

PARBUNCLE, in a fhip, the name of a rope almoft like a pair of flings ; it is feized both ends together, and then put double about any heavy thing that is to be hoifed in or out of the fhip ; having the hook of the runner hitched into it to hoife it up by.

PARCELLING, in fhip-building, is caulking the feam of a fhip, then laying over it a narrow piece of canvas, and then pouring on it hot pitch and tar. See Paying.

PARDALIS, in zoology, a name by which many authors call the bird more commonly known by the name of pluvialis, and called in Englifh the grey and green plover ; birds of the fize of the lapwing, and much cfteemed at table. Rays Or- nithology, p. 229.

Pardalis is alfo ufed as the name for the leopard, called alfo pardus, panthera, and varia 9 by fome. It is difiinguifhed from the lion by its variegation of colour, and from the ty- ger by the difpofition of thofe colours ; which are in this crea- ture always in round fpots like eyes, as in the tyger they are in long ftreaks. The leopard is alfo lefs than the tyger.

PARDUS, in zoology, a name ufed by many for the leopard ; the more accurate authors, however, ufe the word pardalis. See Pardal is and Leopard.

Pardus, in conchyliology, a name given by authors to a kind of {hells, of the genus of the volutae. We have three kinds of this fhell : I. A voluta fpotted with black. 2. Another fpotted with yellow. And 3. A very elegant one fpotted with a redifh colour. They are called pardi, or leopard-falls, from their diftincl fpots refembhng thofe on the fkin of a leopard.

PARE, in the manege. To pare a horfe's foot is to cut his nails ; i. e. the horn and fole of his foot ; which is done with a buttcris, in order to fhoe him. See Buttress, Cycl. In England, the fmith or farrier holds the horfe's foot between his knees ; in which pofture he pares the foot, fets on the fhoe, drives the nails, and rivets them, and this all alone without any affiftance from the groom.

PARECBASIS, na^n&wK, in rhetoric, is ufed to fignify the exaggeration of a crime, and not a digreffion from the quef-

. tion in hand, as fome have thought. Voff. Rhet. 1. 3, p.

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PARECHESIS, n* f i^wi:, in rhetoric, the too frequent repe- tition of the fame fyllable, thus, peril e me malis malim modis. Fof Rhet. 1. 5. p. 331.

PAREDRIA, a term ufed by Hippocrates to. exprefs an affocia- tion of two or more difeafes irt the fame patient, making what we call a complicated illnefs.

PAREDRI, n«ptfy<*, among the Athenians. When the Archon, Bafileus, or Polemarcbus, by reafon of their youth happened not to be Co well fkilled in the laws and cuftoms of their country, as might have been wifhed, it was cuftomary for each of them to make choice of two perfons of age, gravi- ty, and reputation, to fit with them upon the bench, and di- rect them as there was occafion. And thefe affeffors, or pa - redri, wer..* obliged to undergo the fame probation in the fe- nate-houfe and public forum, with the other magiftrates j and Jike them too, to give an account how they had behaved themfelves in their refpeclive trufts, when their office was ex- pired. Potter, Archsol. T. I. p. 77- Suppl. Vol. II.

PAR

PAREIRA-Wfl (Cycl.)— The Portuguefe name fignifies the wildv.ne, and is given to a root firft brought into Europe by Mr. Amelot, and celebrated by many at that time for Its extraordinary virtues. The plant which produces it is not ™ ow "> J> ut 's generally fuppofed to be of the vine kind. Mr. Geoffrey examined into its virtues carefully, and alfo its Characters and diftinctions ; he found that there were properly two kinds of it : The one brown on the outfide, and yellowifh within. This is what was then molt frequent in ufe ; and the other white on the outfide, and of a paler yellow or le- mon colour within. This is faid to be of a flefh colour on the outiide where recent, and to turn white in drying ; both are of a fpungy or porous texture, yet confidcrahly hard and woody; of a bitter tafte, but with an admixture of a fweetifh flavour like that of liquorice ; and their ufual fize is from that of one's middle finger, to that of one's thumb. The Portuguefe were informed of the virtues of this root by the natives of the Brafils ; and on trial extolled it above all the medicines in ufe. Their accounts of its efficacy were too exaggerated to gain credit with the judicious part of the world ; but Mr. Geoffrey's experiments, which fet its virtues. in a much modeller light, yet fhew them to be very great ; and that the root deferves to be for ever continued in ufe in medicine, and rekoned among the moft valuable fimples. The I ortuguefe pretend, that it dutolves the ftone in the bladder ; but tho' this is not true, Mr. Geoffrey found that it was ad- mirable for breaking the common weaker fabulous concre- tions in the kidneys and ureters ; and that the taking it was always attended with the voiding of large quantities of gra- vel. He gave it alfo with great fuccefs" to perfons afflicted with ulcers in the kidneys and bladder, and whofe urine was purulent, and at many times totally fupprefl'ed : thefe fup- preffions of urine were always cured by it, and their urine became lefs thick and purulent; many alfo were perfectly cured of thefe complaints by a courfe of it, with the addition of balfam of capivi toward the end of the courfe. This property of the fareha-brava, of diflblving thick hu- mors, gave Mr. Geoffroy an opinion of trying it in humor- ous afthmas ; and thefe obftinate cafes often were greatly abated, and fometimes perfectly cured by it. The ufual way of taking it, is in decoction, fweetening it in the manner of tea. Mem. Acad. Par. 1 7 10.

PAREMBOLE, n^sp.&xj-, in rhetoric, a figure wherein fome- thing relating to the fubject is inferted in the middle of a pe- riod. All the difference between the parcmbole and parenibe- fit, according to Voflius, is, that the former relates to the fubject in hand, whereas the latter is foreign to it. An example of each we have in Virgil, and firft of the parembole.

JEneas (neque cn'im pcitrius confiftere mentem Puffus amor) rapidum ad mvei pramillit Acbatem.

The following is an inftance of the parentbefs :

ipfique fum jam mortefub crgm

(Di meUo'a piis, errs.- cmque bojlibm ilium) DlfciJJbs n:tdis lamabant dentibus artust Vojf Rhet. 1. ?. p. 334. See Parenthesis, Cycl.

PARENCEPHALIS, a name given by fome authors to the ce- rebellum.

PARIlNTHESIS, napewi;, in rhetoric, is frequently confound- ed with parembde. See the articles Parembole, SuppL and Parenthesis, Cycl.

PARERGON, in painting, an appendix, or piece added to the main defign by way of ornament. Hof?n. Lex. in voc.

PARER, in the manege, a term formerly ufed as a command to flop, but now exploded ; all the riding-mafters, when they have a mind the fcholar mould ftop the horfe, calling out hola. Guillct, in voc. See Stop.

PARETONiUM, in natural hiftory, the name of an earth antiently found on the fhores of Egypt, Cyrene, and the ifland of Crete ; and ufed by the antients in painting It had its name either from a part of Egypt near which it was gathered, or from the name of a town in that kingdom where it was ufualiy fold. Vitruvius is of the firft opinion, and Volaternus of the other.

There have been fome differences among the earlier writers about the nature and origin of this fubftance ; and much con- fufion and miilake among the moderns. Pliny imagined it formed of the froth of the fea coalefced into a folid mafs, with the addition of fome mud : Aldrovand thought it formed of the difunited particles of what he calls the fatter ftones, fuch as lime-ftones, and the like, wafhed from them by the motion of the water, and afterwards got together in that form. And Dalefchamp efteemed it a chalk, produced about the fhores, which he adds was very white, fat, and glutinous, and could not be taken up without a mixture of fome of the mud along with it. It is very clear, however, according to this very account, that the fubftance could be no chalk : vif- cidity and fatnefs, are qualities that cannot belong to an earth of that clafs ; neither are we to imagine, that it was ever dug up from the flat parts of the fhores ; fince if there was a ftratum of it there, tho' ever fo thin, it might certain- ly have been taken up pure.

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