Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/186

 PAP

PAP

2. The white-fecded garden poppy, with pale purple flowers.

3. The garden white- feeded peppy, with greyifh flowers with purple bottoms to the petals. 4. The garden poppy-, with flowers of a fair white, variegated with red, and with yellow feeds. 5. The garden poppy, with black feeds ; the v/\\d peppy of Diofcorides, and black poppy of other authors. 6. The garden poppy, with double flowers of a deep violet colour. 7. The garden pofpy, with double flowers of a pale violet colour. 8. The hoary-feeded poppy, with apertures in the heads. 9. The red-flowered poppy, with brown feeds. i.O. The crefted poppy, with white flowers and white feeds. 1 r. The crefted poppy, with red flowers and black feeds. 12. The crefted peppy, with variegated red and white flowers. 1 3. The fmgle flowered crefted peppy, with purple petals with bluifh grey bottoms. 1 4. The double flefh coloured garden peppy. 15. The double purple poppy. 16. The double bnght red peppy. 1 7. The double filver white poppy. 18. The double white poppy, with red edges. 19. The fnow- white double peppy. 20. The double deep purple peppy. 2 1. The blood-red double poppy. 22. The violet coloured double poppy. 23. The fmall white many flowered poppy. 24. The double flowered black poppy, 25. The double poppy, with variegated and jagged flowers. 26. The jagged flowered poppy, with bluifh and whitiih bottoms to the leaves. 27. The common wild red poppy. 28. The greater wild red poppy, with variegated flowers. 29. The common wild corn poppy, with white flowers. 30. The. red corn poppy, with white bottoms to the petals. 31. The wild com poppy, with flefh - coloured flowers. 32. The double flowered corn poppy. 33. The corn peppy, with a double red lead coloured flower. 34. The corn poppy, with double fiery red flowers. 35. The double corn poppy, with fiery red flowers with white edges to the petals. 36. The double purple flowered corn poppy. 37. The double red corn poppy, with white bottoms to the leaves. 38. The common fmaller corn peppy 39. The corn poppy, with oblong hairy heads. 40. The longer hairy-headed corn Poppy. 41. The very long fmooth headed corn poppy. 42.

' The corn poppy, with undivided leaves. 43. The yellow flowered pyrena^an peppy. 44. The coriander- leaved alpine rock peppy. Tourn. !nft. p. 237. fcq.

PAPAYA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thefe: the flowers arc of two kinds; the one fort is tubulated and divided into fegments, like the rays of a Oar, at the end : the flowers of this kind are the barren I or male ones. The others are of the rofaceous kind, being ! compofed of feveral petals arranged in a circular form ; from the cup of thefe flowers there arifes a piftil, which finally be- comes a flefhy fruit, of the fhape of a melon, containing ftri- ated feeds covered with hulks.

The fpecies of the papaya enumerated by Mr. Tcurnefl.rt, are thefe: 1. The papaya tree, with a fruit like the mclopepo, or melon pompion, called the platanus-leavcd papaya, and by fame the male mamolla. 2. Thcpapaya, with very large fruit, of the fhape of the pompion 3. I he papaya with oblong or melon-fhaped fruit. Town. hift. p, 659.

PAPER {Cycl)— Mr. Boyle tells us, that paper, befides its com- mon ufes, may be made into frames for pictures, fine em- bofTed work, and other parts of furniture. For this purpofe, a convenient quantity of the beft white fort may be fteeped for two or three days in water, till it becomes very foft ; then reducing it by the mortar and hot water into a thin pulp, it is laid on a ficve to draw off its fuperfluous moifktre ; then putting it into warm water, wherein a confiderable quantity of frefh glue, or common fize, has been diffolved, it may afterwards be put into moulds to acquire the defigned figure; and when taken out may be ftrengthened, as oecafion requires, with plaifter or moiftened chalk, and, when dry, painted or over- laid. Boyle's works abr. Vol. I p. 149.

Another ufe of paper is to flop up cracks or nffurcs in wooden veffels, to hold water; for, in this cafe, it will forcibly di- late, and fill the place wherein it is to lodge.

Paper -effice, an antient office within the palace of Whitehall, wherein all the public papers, writings, matters of ftate and council, letters, intelligences, negotiations of the king's mi- nifters abroad, and generally all the papers and difpatches that pafs through the offices of the two principal fecretaries of ftate, are lodged and tranfmitted, and there remain difpofed in the way of library. Blount.

Paper-s^w is alfo the name of an office belonging to the court of King's-bench. Bhunt.

P APHIS, in zoology, a name by which fome have called the gar-fifh. JVillughbys Hift. Pifc. p. 231.

PAP1A, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, called by Linnasus orvala. It has a monopetalous flower, fucceeded by four feeds. Michdi, 17. See Orvala.

PAP1LIO, butterfly. For the feveral parts of the butterfly, fee the articles Antenna, Wing, Trunk, &c. Their arrangement into genera and claffes are in a great meafure taken from thefe feveral parts, and from the great ufes which they make of them. The general diftinction is that which divides them into the day and night kinds ; we have among the birds fome few that fly abroad only by night, but thefe bear only a fmall proportion in number to the day-fliers : on the contrary, the number of butterflies which we fee fluttering about the fields and gardens, are

fcarce fo many as thofe which fly abroad only by night. We often meet with thefe even in our houfes, flying about the candles, aud the hedges fwarm with them : in the day-time we find them hid under the leaves of plants, and often, as it were, in a torpid ftate. In this condition they remain till evening, but they are fo cunning in hiding themfelves at this time, that it is difficult to fee one even in places where there are a great number. The way to difcover them is to beat and difturb the bufhes, or fhake the branches of trees in places where they are fufpecled to be, and they will often be driven out in fwarms. In this cafe, they never fly far, but fettle again upon the firft tree or buffi they come to ; and in fummer, if any one goes out into the fields or gardens, with a candle, in a calm and frill night, there will numbers of different kinds of them almoft immediately gather about it. Thefe are called by naturalifts night-butterflies, phalena, and moths. Reaumur's Hift. Inf Vol.1, p. 1. 330. t he feveral kinds of butterflies that have thofe various incli- nations, have alfo external characters by which they mav be diftinguifhed ; all thofe which have buttoned antenna, or club antenna are of the diurnal kind, and are never feen flying about candles in the night. There are other forms of the antenna alfo, which are peculiar to the day butterflies ; and the night ones are diftinguifhed by their having the plumofe, the prifmatic, or the conic ones. See Antenn/e. Thofe which fly about our candles are always of one of thefe three kinds. It is not, indeed, to be wholly affirmed, that no one of thefe kinds is ever feen flying by day- light, fince in woods and thickets we often fee them flut- tering about without having been difturbed ; but all that are thus caught flying are males, and are that time feeking after the females to couple with them, thefe being all fixed im- moveably under the leaves and on the brandies of trees. The common kinds that we fee fly about from flower to flower are all of the day kind : a few fpecies of the pba/ena; fometimes flutter about the thiftle flowers, and feem to fuck them ; but thefe are feldom feen ; and among the moths, or night kinds, as we call them, there are a great many that ne- ver fly about by night any more than by day, and, indeed, make no u(e of their wings at all.

It is alfo a Angular obfervation, that the moths which fly about our candles, whether in the houfe or abroad in the gardens, are all males : the females never do it. The male of the glow-worm flics in the fame manner at a candle, think- ing it the' light of his female; and it is poflible, that the fe- male moths may, in the night, yield a light that affects the eyes of the male of the fame fpecies, tho' it be infenfible to our view. See Tab. of Infects, N° 10. The great general diftinctions of the butterflies into day and night kinds being made, it is neceffary to have recourfe to numbers of other fub-diftinctions, in order to arrange them in any method ; and thefe can by no means be taken from them in their prior ftate of caterpillars, many of them being in that ftate alike in all their general characters, tho' of different genera in their flving ftate.

As the antenna ferve for diftinctions of the butterflies into claffes, fo do their trunks into genera ; but thefe are only ca- pable of diftinguifhing a few, the flat and the round beino- their principal diftinction. Mr. Reaumur has obferved, that the day butterflies all have thefe trunks, but that many of the night kinds want them. The wings, however, give the greateft variety of generical characters among thefe animals. The fhape of thefe, and the, manner in which thefe crea- tures cany them, when walking and at reft, ferve as great and effential diftinctions. Reaumur's Hift. Inf. Vol. I. P. 1. P- 334-

The inferior wings, in fome certain pofitions of the animal, hide the fuperior ones ; but this is rare, and as the fuperior arc moft in fight and obvious, the characters are moftly drawn from them. All the wings are of a triangular form, but they have their differences ; fome being rectilinear, fome curvilinear, and fome mixtilinear : one of thefe angles is the place of joining of the wing to the body of the animal, and this is called by naturalifts the fummit of the wing; the angle is here broke off, to give more room to a firm joining on, otherwife this would be that part of the win 1 ? which would make the fummit of the triangle. The two fides are called interior and exterior ; the firft, is that neareft the body of the creature; the other, the oppofite one. The bafe or end of the wing, is that part which is oppofite to the fummit, and forms the verge of the wing endways. The different proportions which thefe three parts of the wing bear to one another, are the origin of a great variety of figures in the whole. When the exterior and interior fide, or as they may be called in other words, the upper and under rib or verge of the wing, are nearly ftrait and equal, the whole wing then forms an ifofceles triangle, or a fection of a curve, according as the bafe is ftrait or convex ; and the angle "is larger or fmaller according as the bafe is more or lefs broad. The differences of the exterior and anterior edges from one ano- ther, give alfo a great number of varieties in the form. The inner edge is ufually the fhorteft, and this is the cafe in various different fpecies. The bafe alfo has its varieties in figure, as re- markable as the reft; it is fometimes ftrait or plane, fome- 4 times