Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/137

 O B L

O B

OBLADA, in ichthyology, a name given by fame to the me- hnurus of authors, a fifth of the fparus kind, diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the fparus variegated with longitudinal lines, and with a large black fpoi m each fide near the tail.

OBLA17E [Cycl.) — Oeiata is alfo a word ufed by fame au- thors to exprefs a fort of purging tablet, made of fine flower and fugar, with fame purging ingredients.

Oblatje is alfo ufed to fignify the confecrated wafers, or hofls, diftributed to the communicants in the mafs or facrament ot the altar; and fometimes the cuftomary treats in religious houfes have been called by the name vtob/ata?.

OBLIGATO, in the Italian mufic, fignifies for, on purpofc for, or necejfary, as doi viol'ml obligato, on purpofe for two violins ; and fo of other things, as confagotto obligate, that mult be played with a baflbon, &c.

Sometimes it fignifies confined, or retrained, by certain rules, fubjected to certain limits or laws, in order to perform fume particular thing, to give fame particular cxpreffion of apamon, action, Sec. In this fenfe we fay, contratunto obligato, fuga ob- ligata, &c. We alfo fay, the bafs is obigato, when it is only a ground of a certain number of bars, which are to be repeated over and over ; fuch is the bafs to chacones, &c. and every bafs wherein one is obliged to keep a certain movement, and to perform only certain notes, Sec.

OBLIGEE, in law, is the party to whom an obligation, or bond is made. Blount.

OBLIGOR, in law, the party who enters into, er executes, an obligation, or bond.

OBLIQUE (Cycl.) — Oelique circle, in the ftereographical projection of the fphere, any circle that is oblique to the plane of projection.

OBLIQUO. in the Italian mufic, fignifies two breves tied to- gether, which make but one body, whence it is named in Italian nota d' un corpo Jolt ; fomerimes there is a tail, or the right, or left fide, either afcending, or defcending. (See Ncte, Ligature, and Virgula,) However it be, the two extremes mark the found, the middle ferves only to tie them, thus :

OBLIQUUS brev'is, in anatomy, a name given by fame authors ta the mufcle ufually called the obliquus infrior occult, the fextus ccculi of Fallopius.

Obliquus extemus, in anatomy, the name of a mufcle of the abdomen, which is broad and thin, flefhy on its upper and back part, and tendinous on the anterior, and greateft por- tion of the lower part. It reaches from half the lateral and inferior part of the thorax, to almoft half the lateral and fuperior part of the pelvis ; and from the back part of the regio lumbaris to the linea alba. It is fixed by its up- per part to the ribs, by its lower to the os ilium, liga- mentum Fallopii, and os pubis, and by the fore-part to the linea alba ; the pofterior portion next the vertebra? of the loins has commonly no true mufcular infertions. It is called alfo the obliquus defcendens, obliquus fuperior, and cbl'iquus ma-

It is fixed to eight ribs by the fame number of angles, the infertions in the bony extremities 6f the ribs are at differ- ent diftances from the cartilages, and the name of di- gitations, or indentations, have been given to thefe angular infertions, becaufe they join a like number of the fame kind belonging to ether mufcles, as the fingers of the hands may be locked between each other; thefe digitations appear to be entirely flefhy, but they are almoft all truly a little tendinous in their back part ; they feem to encreafe in breadth alfo as they defcend, and often unite with the intercoftal mufcles, as they pafs over them; there are in thefe mufcles other internal infertions, covered and hid by thofe which appear outwardly. The firft digitation is longer than the reft, and has about the breadth of two fingers; the fecond is about an inch in breadth; the third is ab'ut three fin- gers broad ; the fourth mixes, by fame of its anterior fibres, with the ferratus major, as the firft does with the pectora- lis major, and the fecond with the ferratus major ; the fifth mixes both with the foregoing, and with the firft digita- tion of the latiflimus dorfi ; the fxth is about two fingers broad, and fends off a fafciculus of fibres to the ferratus major ; and the feventh is of the fame breadth with the formei", and fame of its fibres are fent off to the ferratus pofterius inferior. Winfivufs Anatomy, p. 163. Obliquus intemus. This is another name for the obliquus afcendens. It is a broad thin mufcle like the former, with nearly the fame extent and infertions, that is in the lower ribs above, in the crifta of the os ilium, and ligamentum Fallopii below, and in the linea alba before ; but it dif- fers from it in this, that the lower part of it is more flefhy than the upper. One portion of its lower extremity, which is intirely flefhy, is fixed by very fhnrt tendinous fibres in the middle fpace between the two labia of the crifta of the os ilium, from the back part of the tuberofity of that crifta, near the fymphyfis of the os facrum, almoft all the way to the fuperior, and anterior fpine of the os ilium ; fo that its in- fertion reaches farther back than that of the obliqujs ex-

ternus. The flefhy fibres thus fixed run up firft from be- hind, obliquely forward, a< d then this obliquity encreafes proportionably, as the fibres lie more anteriorly, and they crofs thofe of the flefhy portion of the external obliquus, being afterwards inferted exteriorly in the lower edges ©f the cartilages of all the falfe ribs, and thofe of the two loweft true ribs, reaching to the extremity of the cartilago enfiformis. IV'ih 'flow's Anatomy, p. 105.

Oeliquus capitis fuperior, a mufcle fituated laterally between the occiput, and firft vertebra, and nearly of the fame figure with the two recti. It is fixed to the end of the tranfverfe apophyfis of the firft vertebra, from whence it runs upward, and very obliquely backward, and is infirted in the tranf- verfe line of the oi occipitis, almoft at an equal diftance from the crifta, ind the maftoide apophyfis between the rcclus major and the complexus minor, which it covers a little. fVinJlnvs A.natomy, p. 237.

Obliquus capitis inferior, a mufcle fituatcd in a contrary di- rection to the obliquus fuperior, between the firft: and fe- cond vertebra? of the neck, and refembles the fuperior in- every thing but fize. ' It is fixed below to one branch of the bifurcated fpinal apophyfis of the fecond vertebra, near the infertion of the rectus major, from whence it runs ob- liquely, upward and outward, and is inferted in the end of the tranfverfe apophyfis of the firft vertebra, under the lower infertion of the obliquus fuperior. JVinfl w's Anatomy, P- 237.

Obliquus capitis tnferkr is alfo the name given by Albinus to a mufcle called by Winfiow cbiiquus major ; and, by Vefalius, and the old authors, fextus capi>'n m-.ventium. ' Fallopius makes it the iept'mus capitis, and Euftachius, in his treatife, De ?n.tu capitis, calls it parvus mujcu'm a fecioidis vertebra f.ina in prccejfum tranfverfum fp'ina: -bl que mfixus.

Obliques fuperior ecu i, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus, and others, to the mufcle called d'.iquus major, and tertius palpebrarum, by others.

Obliquus naris mufeulut, in anatomy, a name given by Winf- iow to the mufcle ftnee called by Albinus the levator labii fuperi'.rii qlaque nofi,

OBLONG leaf, among botanifts. See Leaf.

OBNUNCIA'l ION, ohmnciatio, in Roman antiquity. See

NUNCIAT ION*.

OBOK, or Oror, in the Italian mufic, is ufed to fignify an hautboy or hoboy, or that a part is to be played on thatinltrument.

OBRANG, in botany, the name given by the people of Gui- nea to a very fingular and remarkable plant, the virtues of which they greatly praife. They boil it in water, and ufe the deco£tion by way of a fomentation to take down fwel- lings of the tefticles. Its leaves have fame faint refemblance to thofe of our liquorice, whence Petiver has called it gly- cyrrhiztr folio fingulari fruiex Guinee?ifs fpin'ts gemellis. Phil; Tranf. N° 232.

OBRIZUM, in antiquity, a kind of gold. Pliny fays 3, that they call the gold that has been feveral times purified in the fire, cbrizum. Ami experimento ignis eft ut fimtli cohre rubcat qui ignis; atque ipfum obrizum v.cant. dbriz hi A:z- bic, or Perfian, fignifies fine gold without mixture, which the Greeks and Latins call cbrizum b. — ['?k I. xxxiii. c, 23. » Calmet, Did. Bib!.]

OBSIDIANUS lapis, in the natural hiftory of the antients, the name of a ftone which they have alfo defcribed under the name of the Chian marble It is a very fmooih and hard marble, extremely difficult to cut, but capable of a ■fine polifh, and was ufed among the ansient Greeks for the making reflecting mirrors. See the article Chium marmor. The later writers have fuppefed the name obfidianus derived from fomebody of the name of Obfidius, who was the in- ventor of this ufe of it; but it feems only a falfe (celling of the word otfiarus, a-o vw A \ 3-, from feeing the images of things in it. HOT* Hift. of Fofl*. p. 460.

OBSTITA, among the Romans, a term ufed to fignify places that had been thunder-ftruck, which were otherwife called bidentalia. Hofm Lex, Univ. in voc. See B 1 dental.

OBSTRUCTION if the hwels, obfruclh ahi, in medicine, the name by which authors exprefs what we call coflivmefs, that is, a retention of the ftools a longer time in the bowels than they fhould be kept there, from whatever caufe that retention happens.

An obflruBit a'-vi is fometimes idiopathic, where there is no other difeafe concurring to it; fame-times it is fymptomatic, and depends entirely on other difeafes, as on fevers, congefti- ons, and the like.

Signs of Cqstiv 'EN ess The firft, and moft obvious, of thefe is, the not going to foot in the fpace of twenty-four hours ; this is ufually fucceeded by a dizzynefs, and vertiginous dif- order of the head, painful congeftions of blood about the head, flatulencies, oppreflions of the ftomach, and ftraitnefs and anxiety about the pra:cord:a. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 590.

Perjons jubjetl to LgstiVENESS. Men of fedentary, and idle lives, are more fubject than others to this complaint, efpe- cially when fubjec~t to commotions of the blood, and of a dry choleric temperament, and fuch as are fubject to hypo-

condnac