Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/103

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M U S

hairs all {land near one another at their bate, and diverse at their points, as is the natural confequence of their Handing on a convex body. Reaumur, Hift. Infecls. vol.6, p. 194. The itfc, as well as the figure, of this gall is very angular. Malpi-rhi and Mr. Reaumur have both defenbed it, and the former of thefe authors defcribes a cavity in the center of the -head ; but this feems to have been done at random, and ra- ther fuppofed from analogy, than feen in fact ; tor the latter author, who is perhaps one of the moil accurate obferyers that ever wrote, could never find any cavity in any one of the great numbers he diffe&ed ; but he obferved what was an ufe of the hme kind with that of the other galls, in this, though performed in a different manner ; they are plainly all deftined for the lodgment and fecurity of final 1 animals ; and as, in the generality of them, thefe iittle creatures are contained in their fubftance, fo in this they are flickered from injuries by it, though in another manner. For although there are not in- fects lodged in the fubffance of it, there are always a great number found in the fpace, enclofed within its circumference, as its edges every where touch the furlace of the leaf, and the whole forms an arched dome with an upright pillar or pedicle in the middle. Thefe worms perfectly refemble in figure thofe of the lime galls, but they are of a yellow colour. There are ufually found a dozen or more of them under one gall, though fometimes there are only two or three, or but a iingle one. Thefe are fo fmall as not to be diftindtly feen without the help of. glaffes; but they are of the nature of thofe worms which turn into two-winged flies. Their manner of living is the fame as that of thofe contained in the fubftance of galls, for they continually fuck and gnaw the infide or under furface of the gall, and thence it increafes in growth till they have done eating. Reaumur, Hift. Inf. vol. 6. p. 19. The flies into which thefe worms are finally transformed, have not yet been difcovered ; but this is no wonder, fince the ani- mals themfelves are fo minute as to require- glaffes to view them. It is probable that they undergo their change into the chryfalis ftate in fome other place, for they are never found in it under the galls ; but this is common alfo to many other fpecies. Mushroom Worms. The various fpecies of Mujbreoms are fubjeel- to he eaten and deftroyed by a great variety of infects. There is however one fpecies which is more frequent than all the reft, and which has therefore obtained, among authors, the name of the Mufhroom worm. This is a white worm, with a hard fcaly black head ; it has fome flefhy tubercles, which it throws out at pleafure from the under part of its feve- ral rings, and which ferve it as legs. This is found indif- ferently in almoft all the fpecies of Mujhrooms ; but in none fo frequently as in the great wood-Fungus, which is porous and greenifh underneath. Thefe worms have been watched in vain by feveral curious obfervers, to know what would be their laft ftate ; but the difficulty was, that when the Mujhrooms, with the worms in them, were put into boxes for their trans- formation, they foon corrupted and ran into water, in which the worms were drowned. The putting earth in the box un- der the Mu/brooms, fucceeded no better than this, the Mujh- room moiftening all the earth about it too much by its decay, to fuffer the worms to live in it : At length Mr. Reaumur found the proper method, which is, to put only fmall frag- ments of the Mujhroom on large beds of earth in large boxes ; and in this cafe the worm ufually lives to change into its nymph ftate, and by this means at length acquires its perfect ftate, and is found to be a tipula or long-legs of no great beauty, being of a dufky brown colour, and middling fize. 1 he other fpecies of Fungufis have alfo their worms j but there is one of a very fingular nature, which is found frequently on the agaric which grows on the flumps of oak-trees, efpe- cially near the roots. This is a long and (lender worm, fome- what flatted, and refembling a fmall leech, but that it has a hard and fcaly head of a blackifh colour. The body is compofed of many rings, in . the manner of the earth worm, and looks very bright and gloffy, being always co- vered with a vifcous liquor. This creature is eafily found, for it never eats into the fubftance of the Fungus but only crawls about upon its furface ; the traces, wherever it has been, are marked with a coat of a fhiniug varnifh, and refemble the places over which fnails have crept. There is fomethingvery fingular however in this creature's ufe of the vifcou* humour it is covered with, which is not ohfervable in the fnail kinds. It is an extremely tender creature ; and nature feems to have given it this liquid covering as a defence againft the injuries of the external air, which would otherwife foon dry it up and kill it. This it defends itfelf from in the following manner : It fixes upon a place where it defigns to remain (bme time, and then begins to make itfelf an habitation, by extending this vifcous matter, by means of its mouth, over a fpace of the furface of the Fungus, which is more than equal to the bignefs of its body ; it doubles the coat of matter feveral times, fo as to form a foft bed, on which it lays itfelf down, and then, by drawing its head feveral times from the fides upwards, it extends two other plates of this glutinous matter, which dries into a thin flcin immediately on beina; expofed to the air. i hefe meeting in an angle over the body, form a fort of co- vering like the ridge of a houfe, under which the creature biippt. Vol. U.

lies, and Is by this means defended from the air, as much as neceflary, and yet is at liberty to iced at pleafure. This fort of covering is perfectly tranfparent, and is yet ftrong enough for all the purpofes it is intended for. This worm has no legs, but its manner of marching forward is by applying its head to fome diftant part of the furface of the agaric ; there it drops a large drop of this vifcous matter, which foon hardens, and retains the head fo firmly, that it is able to draw all the body to it. This is a fort of motion that anfwers all its pur- pofes very well, as it has but a very fmall furface to crawl upon, and needs make but very fhort journeys even upon that. This creature feems never to corrode the fubftance, or even the outer fkin of the Fungus, but to live entirely upon the clear and glutinous fluid that covers the furface of this kind of agaric.

This worm makes a very beautiful obje£t for the microfcope. When young it is as tranfparent as glafs, and the motion of its internal parts is very eafily diftinguifiied. It has two brown fpots near the head, which look very like eyes, and the aper- ture, out of which the glutinous matter with which it makes its habitation blues, is very large, and feems the mouth. When this little creature is taken out of its habitation, it very foon dies, the air drying up all its liquid covering. The fpots which refemble eyes are really the anterior ftigmata, and there are two others behind. When this creature is to pafs into the chryfalis ftate, it does not remove from the Fungus 9 but fpins itfelf a web, and remains upon it. This web is com- pofed of the fame matter with the covering or habitation under which it ufually refides, but it is thicker, more pake, and of a coarfer ftructure. The creature begins it by drawing feveral longitudinal lines, and other tranfveife ones, as thick and ftrong as it can make them ; thefe compofe the beams and raftors, or the open fhell of the edifice ; over and under thefe its fpreads feveral continued 'plates of this glutinous matter, and thefe all drying in a very little time upon one another,' form a fine and ftrong fhell, which it makes rough and un- even by farther additions; and finally clofmg the orifice, it works within, and ftrengthens it yet much more, fo that it is liable to no injuries from the weather, or from the common deftroyers of thefe things, winch area fmall fort of carnivo- rous worm^ which never attempt to force this covering. The creature remains about a fortnight under this covering, and then comes forth in the form of a fly, which is evidently a fpecies of tipula. It has very long legs, and a long and fiender body ; the body is brown, and the breaft yellowifh ; the wings are long and (lender, and the antennas are of a very fingular and remarkable figure; they are broad and flat, and yet terminate in a point. Thefe are compofed of feveral arti- culations, and make a very beautiful figure when examined by the microfcope. Befide thefe, this fly has, in the manner of the other tipula, a pair of beards placed on the anterior part of the head, which it at pleafure bends down over the face,' and compleatly covers with them the longitudinal fiffure, which is the mouth, fituated in this as in the other tipula:. Reaumur, Hift. Inf. vol. 9. p. 23. feq.

MUSIC [Cycl)— Mufic, among the ancients* was taken in a much more extenfive fenfe than among the moderns. Meibo- mius * from Porphyry enumerates its parts by the names harmonica, rythmica, metrica, organica, poet tea and hypceri- tlca. Alypius b alfo and Voilius c make the harmonica^ rythmics and metrica to be fo many parts of Mufic. Ari- ftoxenus d adds the organica. Voffius alfo to the three fpecies of practical Mufic, harmonica, organica and hydraulica, adds a fourth, orchefiria, or dancing. Ariftides Qyinctilianus de- fines Mufic, the knowledge of what is graceful and becoming in founds and motions A . What we call the fcience of Mufic y was by the antients rather called harmonica,— [ 3 In. Not. ad Euclid. Introd. Mufic. p. 41. b Page I. Edit. Meibojn. c De Scient. Mathem. c. 22. d TfSfat ™ vp'wwlos i> q>w*.7<; k) xm^i, V. Wallis's Appendix ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 153.] See the article Harmonica.

Chromatic Mu 'sic, Mufica Chromatua, among the Italians j is ufed to exprefs that kind of Mufic in which there are many chromatic figns, as flats or (harps, and intervals, &c. See the article Chromatic.

Diatonic Music- See the article Diatonic.

Didaclic Music, Mufica Didaclica, that part of fpeculative Mufic which only confiders the quantity, proportions, and dif- ferent qualities of founds.

Dramatic Music, Mufica Dramatica, Scenica, or fheatrale, among the Italians, is ufed to denote fuch compofitions of Mufic as are particularly made and fitted for theatres. See the article Recitativo.

Enharmonic Music. See the article Enharmonic.

MusiCAEnnunciativa, or Ennarrstiva, is ufed in much the fame fenfe as Mufica ftgnatoria. Seethe article Mvsica figna- toria, infra.

Figurate Music, Mufica Figtiralis, Figurata, or Coloratn. Figurate Mufic, that wherein the notes are of different values, and the motions various, now flow, then quick, csV.

Harmonic Music, Mufica Harmonica, among the Italians, is ufed for pieces confifting of many parts, which, though very different, yet, when played together, make an agreeable whole. This we call Mufic in parts.

2 B HyporchcmatUy