Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/996

 L I C

L I C*

LIBERTY (Cyc/.)— LlBERTY of the tongue, in the manege, is a void fpace ]eft in the middle of a bit, to give place to the tongue of a horfe, made by the bit's arching in the middle, and riftng towards the roof of the mouth. The bit, according to the various forms of the liberty, acquires different names; hence we fay a /catch ?nouth, a pignatelle, i. e. with the liberty after Pignatelli's faftiion, and a canon 7nouth, with the liberty like a pigeon's neck. In forging the bit, care muft he taken not to make the liberty too high, left it hurt, or at feaft tickle the palate, and make the horfe carry low.

LIBETHRIDES, in antiquity, a defignation given to the mufes from Libcthra a fountain of Magnefia, which was facred to them ; but fome derive the name from Libethro, a mountain of Thrace, in which was a cave likewife facred to them. Hofm. Lex. in voc.

LIBRATA terra. This is the fame with what in Scotland is called pound land of old extent.[— Tr. Pract. Geom p. 87.] — See Pound land,

LICE, in zoology. See the article Louse.

LICHANUS, in the antient muiic, the name of one of the founds of a tetrachord. It was next to the nete. The word is Greek h^m®*, and fignifies index. The reafon of the appellation was, that the lichanm mewed whether, and how far the genus was molle or intenfum. For the more re- mote the lichanm was from the moft acute found in the te- trachord, the more did the genus partake of the molle. And, on the contrary, the nearer the lichanm approached to this higheft note, the genus was reckoned the more intenfe. Vid. Wallh Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 160. This is Dr. Wallis's account of the matter. And indeed, the reafon of the name lichanm is not at all myfterious, if we confider that the found of this chord was different in every one of the genera, whereas the found of the parypate re- mained the fame in three different genera, and could not therefore be an index or characteriftic of thofe genera, which were, the chromaticum toniaum, the diatonicum molle, and the diatonicum intenfum. See Chromatic and Diatonic.

Lichanus hypaton, Tu^anS^ warm, in the Greek fcale of mufic, was the penultimate note of the hypaton tetrachord, and anfwers to D fol re of Guido's fcale. Wallh Append. ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 157. See Dfacram,

Lichanus mefon, >.\%m& pio-m, in the Greek mufic, was the penultimate note of the mefon tetrachord, and anfwers to Guido's G fol re ut. Vid. IVallis Append, ad Ptolem. Harm, p. 157. See Diagram.

LICHEN, liverivort, in botany, the name of a genus of moffes, the characters of which are thefe. They have the moft perfect fruSifi cation of all the moffes, having evident flowers as well as feeds. Their flowering heads are of va- rious figures, and have a number of monopetalous flowers in them, divided into a different number of fegments ; thefe have feveral filaments, and among them have a large quan- tity of a farina, which when examined by the microfcope appears of a globular figure. The feeds are produced in other parts of the plant, and are contained in certain cups, which ftand without pedicles on the furface of the leaves ; thefe are fomctimes on the fame individual plant, with the flowering heads, but fometimes they are on different plants of the fame fpecies.

Befides thefe and the flowering heads, there are alfo in fome fpecies of lichen, certain other heads of the fhape of a button {landing on pedicles, and containing neither flowers nor feeds ; thefe are always found on fuch plants as have no male flowers. The pedicles of thefe, as well as of the male flowers, are ufually naked, or without any covering at the bafe. To this it may be added, that the leaves of the lichens are lefs pellucid, and more like the leaves of the larger plants than thofe of the other mattes ; and that they are of an ir- regular and indeterminate figure, fpreading themfelves every way upon the ground, and fending out roots from the un- derfide in various places. Dillen. Hift. Mufc. p. 516. The lichens being a numerous family of plants, are by Dil- lenius divided into different orders.

The firft order comprehends the pileated lichens, or fuch as have not the ftarry flowering heads of the more common kinds, of thefe there are only five known fpecies. I. The common great pileated and verrucofe lichen, or mufhroom headed liverwort, this grows in great abundance- on the clayey banks of rivers ; it flowers in March and April. 2. The fmaller mufhroom headed liverwort with crenated leaves. The leaves of this are ufually about an inch in length, and are moderately thick, fomewhat concave, and pretty deeply notched at the edges. It is found on fhady banks in many parts of England. 3. The mufhroom headed liverwort with narrow forked leaves. This grows on rocks and ftones among other mofles. It is not found in England. 4. The fmall liverwort, with channelled leaves and fringed cups. This is found in large tufts on the northern mountains, it flowers in July, and ufually produces a great number of heads, which is contrary to the cuftom of the other liverworts. 5. The pileated liverwort with lunu- lated feeds bearing leaves, and with heads finally becoming

croffed. This alfo grows in tufts on the damp fides of hills and flowers in July. Dillen. Hift. Mufc. p. 521. The fecond order of the liverworts comprehends thofe which have radiated or ftellated heads. Of thefe the following are all the known fpecies. 1. The great ftar headed water liver- wort. This grows on the banks of ditches, and in the fides of wells, in which Iaft place it is ufually of a more agree- able fmell. It bears frequent cups on its leaves containing its feeds. 2. The fmaller liverwort, with cups on the leaves, and with ftcllate and umbcllated heads. This has much fmaller leaves than the former, and is common in old walls. 3. The liverwort of America, with heads refembling a duck's foot. This is found in the ifland of Martinico and in fome other parts of America. It is of a very juicy or fatty ftruflure. Id. Ibid.

The third order of the lichens comprehends thofe, the flowers ' and feeds of which are lefs accurately diftinguilhed than thofe of the former kinds. Of thefe Dillemus mentions the follow- ing fpecies. 1. The rock liverwort with grains like the feeds of the orobus. This is found in Italy, and fome other countries, but not in England, fo far as has been yet ob- ferved. 2. The dwarf liverwort with venous leaves, parting themfelves into two or three divifions as they grow. This is defcribed by Mr. Ray, in his hiftory of plants, and is found in moift places on heaths. 3. The leaft ftar fpread liverwort with fharp divided leaves. This is found on Black- heath, and in other places about London. 4. The marfh liverwort with leaves divided like thofe of rue. 5. The fmall narrow leaved liverwort with plain fegments, defcribed by Micheli, under the name of ricda. 6. The greater checquered liverwort with the tafte of coriander. This is alfo defcribed under the name of ricda by Micheli. 7. The middle fized liverwort with deeply channelled leaves. This is alfo another of the riccias of Micheli, and is remarkable for its pyramidal fruit. 8. The little round headed marfh liver- wort, called by Micheli Jpharocarpos terrejlris minor. 9. The heart cut liverwort with fringed leaves, found by Mr. Bud- die, and by fome called a fpecies of duckweed. 10. The broad leaved green liverwort like the fkin of a fhark, with, flowers at the edges of the leaves. 11. The liverworty called by Ximenes ychcacalotic, or the cotton pod. This is an American fpecies of livertuort found by the fides of rivers in hot places, and bearing ftellated flowers like ours on fhort and naked pedicles. It is of a cooling agree- able tafte, and is given in fevers, with good fuccefs. The Englifh name Hvenuort exprefTes the good opinion the world has had of it in all diforders of the liver. It is grown out of ufe with us at prcfent, but the Ger- man phyficians prefcribe it, and it is laid with fuccefs in jaundices, and alfo in hectics. There are authors alfo who recommend it greatly in inflammatory fevers, in cu- taneous eruptions, and in a gonorrhoea, but we have not {a good accounts of the benefit received by it in thefe as in the other. Externally, it is recommended for ftaunching the blood in frefh wounds ; given in powder, in a dofe of abouM:wb fcruples, it is excellent to ftop the bleeding at the nofe, profluviae of the menfes, or any other hemorrhage ; it acts by incrafTating the blood. There are fome families in the weft of England who prepare a medicated drink, which they pretend to be a cure for cancers, in which this plant is the principal ingredient. The antients recommended it as a remedy againft Iaffitude ; they ufed it in baths and ointments. It has an Englifh name, cheefe renning, from its property of coagulating, or curdling frefti milk, and by a dry diftillation it yields a manifeft acid. The grey ground lichen is famous for its virtues againft the bite of a mad dog. It makes the bafis of the pulvis antilyjfus of the difpenfatories. Dale Pharmac. LICHENASTRUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plants of the mofs kind, fo called from the lichens or liver- worts, the flowers of which thofe of this mofs fomewhat refemble. The characters of the lichenajlra are thefe. The flower is naked, and of the antheraceous kind, globofe at its firft appearance, but foon after burfling open into a ftel- late or cruciform four leaved flower, or the refemblance of one, much refembling that of the galliums. This fheds a - fine duft, or true farina, and is fuftained on a pedicle fingly, and coming out of a theca or cup, which in fome is undi- vided, in others is divided into two or more fegments, re- prefents a true flower. All the mofles which have this fort of flower are to be ranked in this genus, however widely they differ from one another in their externa! general form. The firft order of the lichenajlra, according to Dtllenius, contains thofe with moots and branches of a determinate figure ; and of thefe the firft feries confifts of fuch as have leaves all fet one way. Of thefe the following are all the known fpecies. i. The purple fpoon leaved alpine lichena- Jlrum. The leaves of this are auriculated, and hollowed like a fpoon, it is found in the mountainous parts of Wales. 2. The upright branched lichenajlrum with very finall round leaves. This has flender branches, and extremely thin and pellucid leaves, it is brought from Greenland. 3. The fcorptoidi lichenajlrum with fine fringed leaves. This alfo is

a na-