Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/99

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not be liable to any cenfure, or profecution, on account of them.

No artifice was left untried by Julius III. to elude this claufe : it was offered, that the pofteffors of fuch lands fhould be ac- quitted for all that was paft, and even for all the moveables which had come into their hands ; but a reftitution in form was demanded of all the immoveables. The reconciliation being like to fplit on this rock, the legal was at length im- powered to ratify the article as it flood in the bill ; but, at the fame time, denounced the divine judgments on the pof- feflbrs of fuch lands. Pope Julius dying before the affair •was ended, his fucceffbr, Paul IV. absolutely rcfufed to con- firm what the legat had agreed on, and protefted, that it was not in the power of the pope to permit fuch a thing. Rapin, Extr. de Rymer, T. 15. Bibl. Anc. Mod. T. 17. p. 257. Burnet, Suppl. Hilt. Reform. 1. 5. Jour. Liter. T. 7. p. 248.

ALU muUij or Alii de regno, are phrafes which often occur in our antient records and hiflorians. Their meaning has oc- cafioned much difpute. Dr. Brady will have them fignify only tenants in capite ; which Mr. Tyrrhel endeavours to re- fute, and fnew that they denote the whole commons of the kingdom. Tyrrb, Hill. Engl. T. 4. App. p. 14. feq. and p. 37. feq.

ALIMA, among mineralifts, a kind of fand found in gold mines, out of which lead is extracted. Rul. Lex. Alch. p. 29. Caji. Lex. Med. p. 32.

ALIMENTARY (Qk/.)— Alimentary duff, Dufius Alt- mentalis, amounts to the fame with what Bartholine, and fome others, rather chufe to call via, or canalis alimentorum, the channel of aliments. Philof. Tranf. N°. 130. p. 771. Barth. &&.. Med. T. 5. p. 103.

The whole length from the throat to the anus is but one continued duel;, though often varioufly diftinguifhed, accor- ding to nature's different intention, in the feveral fpecies of animals. It is mofl plain and fimple in the acus marinus, where you have neither oefophagus, nor flomach, but only a ilrait paflage, and that too without any valves, only growing a little more taper towards the anus. In divers fifh there is no oefophagus, in fome but a very fhort one. In other ani- mals it is not only long, but, by its fwellings in fome places, acquires different names ; as the ingluvies, or crop in birds, the paunch, or p%yaM *»»*(«, in quadrupeds ; and of the fame kind feem to be thefe fwellings in the gullet of the rattle- fnake, which do the office of receptacles, for retaining what food the flomach cannot yet well receive ; which feems the more requifite, fince they feed but at one time of the year.

The whole duRus alimentalis, from its ufes, may be ordinarily divided into four parts. 1. That which conveys the food, called the oefophagus. 2. That which digefts, or corrodes it, called the flomach. 3. That which diftributes the chyle, called the inteflines. 4. That which empties the faeces, called the rectum. Phil. Tranf. N°. 144. p. 32. and 33. This duel is faid to be the true characteriftic of an animal, or prcprium quarto mods ; there being no animal but has it, and whatever has it, being properly enough ranged under the clafs of animals. Plants receive their nourifhment by the nu- merous fibres of their roots, but have no common receptacle for digefting the food received, or for carrying off the recre- ments. But in all, even the loweft degree of animal life, we may obferve a flomach, and inteflines, even where we cannot perceive the leafl formation of any organ of the fenfes, unlefs that common one of feeling, as in oyflers. Phil. Tranf. N°. 269. p. 776. feq.

Dr. Wallis brings an argument from the ftructure of the ali- mentary tube in man, to prove that he is not naturally carni- vorous. To the cogency of which, Dr. Tyfon makes fome objections. V. Philof. Tranf. N°. 269. p. 777. feq.

ALIMENTATION is ufed, by fome naturalifls, for what we more ordinarily call nutrition. V. Bacon, Nat. Hifl. cent. 7. §. 602. Opp. T. 3. p. 120.

ALIMOS, in botany, a name given, by fome of the Greek writers, to the common liquorice. It has been thus called, from its quality of palling the appetite, and making it infen- fible either of hunger or thirft. There has been fome con- fufion among the later authors, owing to the confounding this Alimos with the Halimos, which is the fea-purflain, fo called from its growing in fait places. The property of the Alimos in preventing thirft, mufl, however, always be fufficient to diflinguifh it from this plant. The tranflators of the Greek phyficians, not knowing that liquorice was the thing called by them Alimos, took it to be fome new plant, and have rendered it, by the word aurio, which therefore Hands with them as the name of a plant unknown to us, though it means only liquorice. Dioforides. ALINDESIS, in the antient gymnaftic medicine, a kind of exercife, wherein perfons being befmeared with oil, rolled themfelves naked in the dull. Lang. Epifl. Medic. 1. 1. ep. 15. p. 236. Cajlcl. Lex. Med. p. 32. The word is Greek, 4Am>3Wk, fometimes alfo written AXtvSof.

ALIOS baton, in ichthyology, a name given, by Ariftotle, to the Arrange fifh called, by Artedi, Lopbius, and by others rana pifcatrix. See Lophius. .

A L K

ALIP/ENOS, in the antient phyfic, an appellation given to dry, topical medicines, or fuch as have no fat mixed with them. The word is fometimes alfo written Alipantos. It is purely Greek, a^in-aiw;, compounded of the privative « } and ^ai- nv 9 pinguefcerc, to fatten. In which fenfe, Alipana flands oppofed to lipara, or plaiflers, which have fat in their com- poiition j called alfo, by Celfus, lenia.

Galen gives the name «Ai7r)?, to the remedies applied to frefh wounds, to check the inflammation, and haflen their healing. Gal. de Camp. Medic, per Grad. 1. 1. c. 15. Cslj. de Art. Med. 1. 5. 19. Cajt. Lex. Med. p. 32. Lang. Epift. Med. 1. 1, epift. 77. p. 421. ALIPILARIUS, or Alipilus, in antiquity, an officer belong- ing to the baths, who, by means of wax, and waxen philters, took off the hairs from the ala, or armpits. The Alipilus anfwered to what the Greeks called fycjwxxirK. The antient Romans made it a point of cleanlinefs to keep the armpits clear and fmooth. In after times, they went further, and took off the hair from their arms, legs, and other parts, with pitch and rofin, and by the volfella, an inurnment for that purpofe. Petit, ad Leg. Attic, p. 301. Fabric. Bibl. Grsec. 1. 5. c. 26. Caji. in voc. Alipili. Voj}\ Etym. p. 18. in voc. Alipilus. ALIPTA, in the antient gymnaflics, an officer appointed to anoint the Athletes.

In which fenfe, the Alipta; amount to the fame with what are otherwife called Unclores, and Jatraliptez. Vid. Buret. Hift. Ath. 1. 1. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 2. p. 292. See Jatraliptes. Alipta is fometimes alfo ufed, in a lefs proper fenfe, for the director, or fuperintendant of the exercifes of the Athkta:. In which fenfe, Alipta is fynonymous with gymnajtes, and padotriba. Buret. Hift. Athlet. 1. 1. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 2. p. 302. ALIPTERIUM, aXuvlv^ov, in antiquity, a place in the antient pa!ejlr<z, where the athlete were anointed before their exer- cifes.

The Alipterium, or Alipterion, was otherwife called elao- thefion, and untluarhim ; fometimes alfo ceroma. Lang. Epift. Med. 1. 1. ep. 51. p. 234. Buret. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 2. p. 292. See Eljeothesium. ALIQUOT part (Cycl.) — ■Hobbs feems to confound the notion of an aliquot part with that of a commenfurable. — For that every aliquot part is commenfurable with its whole. Dr. Wallis corrects him for it, and fhews the difference. In effect, every aliquot part is a commenfurable, but not vice verfa. Thus four is commenfurable with fix, but is not an aliquot part of it. Phil. Tranf. N°. 41. p 827. See Commen- surable, Cycl. ALISMA, in botany, a name given by fome to the plantago

aquatica, or water plantain. Dill. Cat. Gift. p. 227. ALITES, in antiquity, a name given to thofe birds which af- forded auguries by their wings and flight. Fejl. de Verb. Signif. p. 10.

In this fenfe, Alites ftand oppofed to ofcines, or birds which gave auguries by their mouths, by fmging, or croaking, &c. To the clafs of Alites, belong the buzzard, ofprey, &c. To that of ofcines, the crane, raven, owl, &C. / ojf. Etym. p. 18. in voc. Ales. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 72. The word is Latin, formed from ala, a wing. ALKA, in zoology, the name of a water bird, of the diver kind, called, in different parts of England, the auk, the razor-bill, and the murre. It approaches to the fize of the common duck ; and its head, neck, back, and tail, are all black ; its belly and bread, and up half-way of the throat, is white ; but the upper part of the throat is of a dufky brownifh, or blackifh purple ; the wings are variegated with black and white. Its bill is two fingers breadth long, and is flatted fideways and narrow, and has a deep furrow on its upper part ; the upper chap alfo is hooked and hollow, and receives the under one into it, as into a fort of finus ; they are both of the fame length, and are both marked with two tranfverfe furrows. It has, from the form of its beak, got the name of the razor-bill. Its legs are black, its feet webbed, and it has no hinder toe.

It builds in the rocks on the fca-coafls, and makes no ncfl, laying its eggs in fome hollow of the naked rock. The eggs are very large, and are white, with black fpots. Ray's Or- nithol. p. 243. ALKADARII, a feet among the Mahometans, who deny any eternal, fixed, divine decrees.

The word is formed from the Arabic, Alkadar, which figni- fies decree.

The Alkadar'ii are a branch of Moatazalites. — They ftand oppofed to the Algiabarii. See Algiabarii. The Alkadarii are aflertors of free-will ; hold that man is veiled with a fufficient power to do good or ill ; is capable of meriting and demcriting, and Ihall be rewarded or pu- nifhed accordingly. Abidpharag. Hift. Dynaft. 9. ap. Leh- man, obf. in Budd. Inft. Philof. c. 4. p. 195. ALKAHEST (C>/.)— The Alkahejl is varioufly defined by che- mical authors : by fome as an univerfal difiblvent, or folvens benediEium, which radically diffolves gold, filver, &c. and fermenting together with them, produces an univerfal medi- cine ,