Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/963

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As foon as the walls are built, the firft thing to be done is the laying out the borders under them, which fhould be ten or twelve feet broad ; and on thole which are expofed to the fouth, the early crops are to be planted, and the later on thofe to the north. No large or deep rooting plants fhould ever be fet near the roots of the wall-fruit trees, but the beans and peas, required to be early, fhould be planted in other parts of the garden, and fhettered by move- able reed hedges, which will fcreen and forward them as well as the walls. The next thing to be done, is the lay- ing out the ground into quarters. Thefe fhould never be too fmall, but in a little garden it is better to have only a few of them. They mult be furrounded with efpaliers of fruit trees, and have walks turfed between them, which in a fmall garden ought to be fix feet wide, in a large one ten ; and on each fide the walk there fhould be allowed a border of three or four feet broad, between its edge and the efpa- liers. On thefe borders fmall fallading, or any thing that does not remain long, nor root deep, is proper to be fown. If the walks are covered with lime rubbifh or fand, in- ftead of being turfed, it will be an advantage to the fruit in the efpaliers, though it takes off from the beauty of the gdrden. The beft figure for the quarters is either a fquare, or an oblong ; but when the nature of the ground does not admit this, they may be triangular, or of any other form. The ground in thefe quarters fhould never be fown, or oc- cupied by the fame crop, for two years together ; and when any^ part of the ground is not ufed, it fhould be trenched up in ridges, to receive the better the benefit of the dews. In one of the quarters which is neareft the (tables, and is jnoft defended from bad weather, fhould be the beds for cu- cumbers, melons, and other productions of the hot-bed ; and it is a very good method to furround that part with a reed hedge, which both fnelters and bides the beds from fight. This fquare fhould always be large enough for the beds of two years.

The mod important pints of culture and management are the well digging and manuring the foil, and the giving a proper diftance to each plant. The quarters and dunghills are both alfo to be kept clear of weeds, for if they are fuftered to fcatter their feeds on the dunghills, it is in vain to root them out of the garden, as they will be continually renewed from thence. Milter's Gardner's Dicf..

KLIMIA, or Climia, in the materia medica, the name given by the Arabian writers to tire lapis ealaminaris. Avi- (enna and Serapio never call it by any other name. Some pronounce the word calimia. Hence the modern Greeks have formed their celimia, which is the name of the fame fub- flance ; and our ealaminaris is evidently deduced from the fame original.

KLINKETS, in fortification, a fort of fmall gates made through palifadoes for fallies.

KLIP fijh, in zoology, a name by fome authors fuppofed to mean the lupus pifris, or wolf fifh, and by others the com- mon cod fifh.

Of the former opinion is Fabricius, who fuppofes the lupus to called, becaufe it is able to climb up rocks, or generally lies hid among rocks ; the word klip in the German fi°ni- fying a rock. Of the other is Schonfeldt, who fuppofes °the cod has its name of klip fijb, or rock fifh, from its being ufually dried upon the rocks. IVdlughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 130.

KliP fijb is alfo a name by which the Dutch in the Eaft- Indies call a flat fifli caught frequently on thofe fhores, and fometimes called alfo faldaten vifei, or the foldiers fifh. It fomewhat refembles the bream in fhape. Its general fize is about fix or feven inches in length, and it is of a very white and filvery hue. It differs very greatly, however, from the bream in many particulars. The nerves of its back fin are prickly as in the pearch ; its tail is pointed, not forked ; and the irifes of its eyes yellow. It is one of the fincft fifh of the Eaft-Indies. Its flefh is very firm, and falls into large pieces, when drefled, like that of the cod, and is very well tailed. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 6.

KNAPWEED, faeea, in botany. See Jacea.

KNAVE {Cycl.) — Ksave-Zim, in a fhip, a rope fattened to the crofs-trees, under the main or fore-top, whence it comes down by the ties to the ram-head, and there it is reeved through a piece of wood of about two feet long, and fo is brought to the fhip's fide, and there haled up taught to the rails.

KNAUTIA, in botany, a name given by Linnzus to the plant called by Boerhaave, and others, lychni-feabiofa. This makes in the Linnasan fyftem a diilindt genus of plants, the characters of which arej that the calyx is a common perianthium, containing four flowers, and made up of four leaves ; it is oblong, placed erecf, and its fegments are pointed, and fet near one another. The whole complex mafs of flowers is equal and regular. Each fingle flower is monopetalous, and unequal. The petal is formed into a tube for the length of the cup, and has an irregular mouth with four fegments, the outer one being large, and of an oval figure. The (lamina are four filaments, longer than the tube of the flower, and inferted in the receptacle. The anthers are oblong, and lie regularly on thefe. The germen

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of the piftil is placed below the receptacle of the flower. The ftyle is (lender, and as long as the ftamina, and the ftigma is thick and bifid. The feeds are fmgle, fquare, and haiiy at the tops. Linneel Genera Plantarmn. p. 23.

KNECK, in the fea language, the twilling of a rope or cable, as it is veering out.

KNEE. The mucilaginous glands of the knee, which lie near the edges of the patcl'a, are very remarkable : they are difpofed in fringes, and fupported by a great quantity of fatty matter, which in fome meafure makes one mafs with them. This common mafs is contained within the capfular liga- ment, and on the fide of the joint is covered by a very fine membrane, which likewife lines the inner furface of the li- gament. The glandulous fubihmce is eafily diftino-uifhed from the fat by the reddifh colour of the capillary veflels, which furround the glands. The fuperior portion of this mafs is, as it were, iupportcd by a fmall ligament, fixed in the anterior part of the great common notch of the con- dyles of the os femoris, and which from thence runs to the upper part of the patella. There are alfo other mucilagi- nous glands, both above and below the edges of the femi- lunar cartilages, and likewife in the ham : fome of thefe ferve for the joint, and the others for the crucial ligaments. Thefe laft lie in folds formed by the internal membrane of the capfular ligament, which give particular coverings to the crucial ligaments, and to the other bundles of ligamentary fibres near them. IVviJlovSw Anatomy, p. 131.

Luxated Knee. A luxation of the knee is a receding of the tibia from under the femur. The leg is fometimes thus luxated from the bafis of the thigh bone, on the outfide, fometimes on the infide, and fometimes backward, but very rarely or never forwards, unlefs it be forcibly driven with. great violence that way ; for the patella is bound againft the articulation forwards, by the ftrong tendons of the mufcles which extend the leg; nor is it indeed eufy for the bones of the leg to be wholly difptaccd from that of the thigh, fo as to make a perfect luxation of the hnee 7 by reafon of the great ftrength of the ligaments, and the two deep finufes, which receive the head of the thigh bone, unlefs thofe flrong ligaments fhould happen to be broken afunder at the fame time. This is the reafon alfo why people, who fuffer a perfect luxation of the knee, arc generally tortured with the moft violent and excruciating pains, and convulfions ; and if they cfcape the mifchiefs ufually attending fuch fymptoms, they are generally troubled afterward with a lamenefs and ftiffhefs of the joint; but flight or imperfect luxations of this joint are ufually very fpecdily and eafily cured. The patient in this cafe is to be feated on a bed, bench, or table, and one affiflant is to hold the thigh firmly above the knee, and another ftrongly to extend the leg, while the furgeon replaces the bones by his hands and knee, in their natural places. If the hands and flings are not fuf- ficient, in this cafe, to make a proper extenfion, recourfe mull be had to the pullies, generally ufed on fuch occafi- ons ; but in children and young perfons, great care muft be taken not to make the extenfion fo violent, as to fepa- ratc the epiphyfes from the bones, to which they are, in fuch fubjects, not yet firmly united. After the luxation is properly reduced, the knee is to be bound up with a proper bandage, and placed in a frame or cafe, fo as to be kept at reft for a proper time. Heijler, p. 172.

Knee, in the manege, is the joint of the fore quarters, that joins the fore thigh to the fhank.

Knees, in a fhip, thofe crooked pieces of timber, bowed like a knee, that bind the beams and futtocks together, being bolted faft into them both. Some of thefe fland right up arid down, fome along fhip. They are ufed about all the decks ; fome fawed or hewed to that form, and others na- turally fo, which are certainly beft for fervice.

Knee of the head, in a fhip, the fame with the cut-water. See Cvr-water.

Kn EE-Timber, in a fhip, the fame with the cut-water, which is called the knee of the head.

KNETTLES, in the fea language, a name the feamen give to two pieces of fpun yarn put together unt'wifted.

KNEVELS, in a fhip. See Chevils,

KNIGHTEN-G/Ya, in our old writers, a gild or company In London, confifting of nineteen knights, which king Edgar founded, giving them a portion of void ground lying with- in the walls of the city, now called Portfoken-ward. Stow,

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KNOTS {Cycl) — Knots, in gardening, a term ufed to ex- prefs the rudiments of the firft branches of plants, as they grow up from the feed. Thus in the melon, the two firft leaves or feed leaves, are called the ears, and the branches, that grow from them, are called according to the order of their growth, the firft, fecond, and third knots. Mr. Quin- tiny's famous method of railing the beft melons, depended principally on the cutting off every third knst of the plant as they grew up. Phil. Tranf. N 9 . 45.

Knots, on board a fhip, are of feveral forts ; the chief of thefe are, the wale-knot, which is fo made with the lays of a rope, that it cannot flip, and ferv'es for fheats, tacks, and floppers. The bow- line- knot is fo firmly made, and fattened ta

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