Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/953

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JULEP (CycK) — Camphor Julep, Julepum e Camphora, a] medicine prefcribed in the late London Difpenfatory, and \ feeming the beft calculated of any thing of the kind, to com- municate the virtues of camphor to water. It is made thus : Take camphor a dram, fine fugar half an ounce, boiling; water a pint. Grind the camphor with a little fpirit of wine till it is foftened, then add the fugur, and by degrees perfectly unite thefe ; finally add the water by a little at a time, and when the whole has Itood in a covered veffel till it is cold, drain it off". Pemberton, Lond. Difp. p. 286.

JULIA, in ichthyology, a name given by Salvian and Gaza to the hubs of the Greeks, called julis by the Latin writers in general, and by the Italians, donzeUbw. It is a fpecies of the labrus, according to Arted'i, and is diftinguifhed by that author from the other fiih of that kind, by the name of the variegated labrus of a palm long, and having two larger teeth in the upper jaw. See the article Labrus.

JULIS, in zoology, the name of a fmall flfh, caught prin- cipally about Genoa, and fold in the markets, being a very delicately tafted fifh. Its ufual fize is about the length and a little more than the breadth of a finger. In fhape it approaches to the long-bodied turdi, but is longer, flenderer, and its back lefs ridged. Its fcales are fmall, and adhere very clofely to the flefh, and its colours are fo various and lively, that it exceeds, in this particular, even the turdi. Its back, from the head to the tail, is of a dufky and fomewhat black- lfh hue. Along the middle of the fides there runs a broad blue line, and immediately under this a yellow or faffron- colour'd one; and the belly is of a bluifh white or pearl- colour. Its eyes are fmall, and their iris red. Its mouth fmall. Its teeth flrong and fharp ; and its lips thick and flefhy. Its back fin reaches from head to tail. Its anterior rays are ridged and prickly, the reft foft and flexile, and its colours very lively and beautiful ; its bottom being yellow, its middle red, and its top blue. Its tail is blue, with an ad- mixture of red, and is not forked. Rondelet. de Pifcib. 1. 6. c. 7. p. 180. Aldrovand) de Pifc. 1. 1. c. 7. The males of this fpecies are very beautifully painted. Their backs arc green, and their heads have variegations of yellow and red. Its fides have very broad ferrated lines of a fine gold yellow, and its back fin has feveral large fpots of blue and red. They are fond of human blood, and will fcize upon the legs of people who walk naked into the water. Gejher, de Pifc. p. 549.

JULUS. See the article GALLY-Worm.

JUMENTA, in the Linnaean fyftem of zoology, the clafHcal name of one of the orders of quadrupeds ; the character of which is, that the teeth of the creatures are irregularly placed, and in a different manner from thofe of the other four orders of quadrupeds. Of this order are the elephant, the hippopo- tamus, the forex or mus araneus, the horfe, and the hog. Linmsi Syftem. Nature, p. 40.

JUNCAGO, Rujb Grafs, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals, ar- ranged into a circular form. The piftil arifes from the center of the flower, and finally becomes a fruit or capfule, which, when ripe, opens at the bottom, and is found to be compofed of three vaginae, each of which contains one oblong feed. There is only one known fpecies of this genus, which is the common Juitcago, called by many Gramm Spicatum, and Trighchin. Tourn. Inft. p. 266.

JUNCi Lapidei) in natural hiftory, the name given by authors to a fpecies of foflile coral, of the tubularia kind, and com- pofed of a congeries of fmall tubules, which are ufually round and flriated within. See Tab. of Foflils, Oafs 7.

JUNCO, in zoology, the name of a bird called in Englifh the greater reed fparrow. It is almoft as large as a thrufh. Its beak is oblong, and fomewhat crooked, the upper chop be- ing blackifh, and the under white. Its tongue is bifid and jagged, and its mouth yellow within. Its throat, brcafl, and belly are of a whitifh yellow; near the tail it Is more yellow than elfewhere, and its back is of a yellowifn brown, with a faint greyifh cart. It has a white line over its eyes, a little yellownefs under the wings, and a very ftiff and rigid tail like the woodpecker. Its legs are remarkably lhort and ftrong. It always lives among reeds, and climbs and flicks to them, as the woodpecker does to the branches of trees. Its feet, however, are not formed like thofe of that bird, but have only one toe behind. It feeds on the beetles and other infects which are found among the reeds, and fings very agreeably and fweetly, Ray, Ornithology, p. 99.

Junco is alfo ufed by Bellonius for a bird feeming, by his de- fcription, the fame with what we call xhtjlhit. See the ar- ticle Stint.

JUNCUS, the Rujb, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the ro- faceous kind, confifting of feveral petals, difpofed in a circu- lar form. From the center of the flower arifes a piftil, which finally becomes a trigonal fruit or capfule which opens three ways, and ufually contains a number of roundifh feeds. The fpecies of Rujh, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : The fharp or pointed Rujb, with forghum heads. 2. The fharp Rujh, with fpread panicles. 3. The longer fharp Rujh, with fpread panicles. 4. The fmooth or Suppl, Vol. I.

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foft Rujh, with conglomerated heads. g. The larger Rlijh; with a bending top. 6. The fmaller Rujh, with bending tops, called by many, the trifid Rujh. j. The hairy Rujhi with heads like thofe of pfyllium, called by many the fmall hairy grafs or cyperus grafs. 8. The great broad-leav'd wood Rujh, commonly called the broad-leav'd wood grafs. 9. The low erect maifh RuJI>. 10. The low creeping marfh Rujh. 11. Tire Rujb with jointed leaves, and umbellated flowers. 12. The jointed-'leav'd Rujh, with umbellated and pamculated flowers. 13. The mountain water Rujb, 14. The fmall roundifh-fruited Rujh, or icz-grafs. 15.- The narrow Ieav'd hairy Rujh, with white paniculated flowers. And 16. The leaft leafy Rujh. Tturn. Inft. p. 246.

JUNGERMANNIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants called by Dillenms, Uchenajlrum, and fome of the fpe- cies are called by Micheli by this name ; others by that of iiiuf- coides. The characters of the Jungermannia are thefe: It pro- duces both male and female flowers ; and thefe are often found both upon the fame plant. The male flower Hands upon a long pedicle, which arifes from a fort of cup or cafe on the leaf. This has no cup, no petals, nor any ftamina, but is only one Jingle anthera or apex, which is at firft of an oval figure, but being compofed of four valves, it opens when ripe into four figments, and remains in this ffate a long time upon the plant. The female part of fructification, as it may be much more properly called than flower, confifts only of feeds, fo far as we are able to obferve, for there is no ap- pearance of either cup or petals ; but the feeds are found in fome fpecies fingly, in others in clufters on different parts of the leaves. Liunai Gen. Plant, p. jc6. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 54.

JUNIPA, in botany, the name of a tree of the Caribbee Iflands, and fome other places, the fruit of which is faid to' yield a juice as clear as water, yet yields a fine viol et-colour'd dye, and being rubbed twice on the fame place, makes it black. This tinfture, it is faid, cannot be got out by faop, or any other method of cleanfmg, but after nine or ten days difappears of itfelf. It is faid alfo by the fame authors, that hogs and parrots, feeding on this fruit, have their flefh and their fat all tinged throughout of a violet colour. Ligon. America.

JUNIPER, (Cycl. ) Juniperus, in botany, the name of a genus of trees, the characters of which are thefe : The male flowers are of the amentaceous kind, confiftingof a number of fmall leaves, loaded with many apices. The fruit are round berries, con- taining angular kernels, and in them oblong feeds. To this it is to be added, that the leaves are plain and fimple, not like thofe of the cyprefs, which is the charaaer that diftin- guilhes this from the cedrus.

The fpecies of Jumper, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort^ are thefe: 1. The common fhrubby Jumper. 2, The tree Ju- niper. 3. The fmall mountain Jumper, with broad leaves and oblong berries. 4. The great Juniper, with blue ber- ries. And 5. The great Juniper, with reddiih brown ber- ries. Tourn. Inft. p. 589.

The confufion in names that has arifen from the calling fome of the Junipers by the name of cedar, is as old as Theo- phrafras. In the days of this author the Greeks plainly did not diftinguifh between the names Jumper and cedar, but applied them indifferently to the fame trees ; and all the au- thors fince have more or lefs given into it. The Greeks ufed alfo the word thyon as the name of both the one and the other of thefe trees. This thyon feems originally to have been the name of a kind of favin, ufed in the facrifices of the Greeks ; but the refemblance between this tree and the Juniper, called at that time the cedar, which was probably the fame with our cyprefs-leav'd Juniper of thefe times, occafioned its being called by the fame name with it ; and from thence all the other kinds of Juniper were called cedars ; and this word thyon, as well as the others of Juniper and cedar, became indiscriminately ufed as the name of all the kinds of this tree. Among the Greeks we find the Juniper called the wild cy- prefs ; and among the Arabians it is called the wild cedar. Myrepfus ufes the words Juniper and wild cedar as fynony- mous, and makes them the fame with the citrus of the Ro- mans. Some authots, fince the difcovery of America, have called the Weft Indian Jumpers by the name of Cedrus At- lantica; and we at prefent call thofe of Virginia, and other places, by the names of Virginian and Bermudas cedars. The Spaniards have confounded the feveral fpecies of Juniper and cyprefs under the name Enebro, though it was originally only ufed to exprefs the Junipers commonly fo called ; and the fmall cedars, which are alfo Junipers of one kind or other ; and in this fenfe it made no real confufion upon the whole. The reader is always to examine the context in his author, when he meets with the word cedar in any language, for it runs thro' a great many with very little variation, before he can know whether the cedar of Lebanon or the common Jti- jiiper be meant by this name.

Theophrafhis, in his time, tells us, that the world diftin- guifhed two kinds of cedar, which they called the Lycian and the Phoenician ; but he tells us, that fome averM at that time, that thefe were the fame fhrub, and that both of them were of the lame nature with the Juniper. This author him- 14M-14Z ietf