Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/950

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white marble. This ts a fomewhat coarfc marble, of a rough grain, and of a loofe fhattery texture, and is variegated with a dufky blue, and a pearl colour or bluifh white, each making ufually an equal part of the mafs. This is very com- mon in Italy, and areat quantities of it are imported hither.

4. A fine black and yellow one, the yellow veins appearing like ftreaks of gold. This is much efteemed and ufed. And

5. A purple and yellow one, of great beauty, and very great price. This has of late been fold at a higher than ordinary rate. Hill, Hift. of Foil*, p. 476, 477, 478.

ITEA, in botany, a name ufed by the antients in general to fignify the willow j but by fome of the Greek writers it is alfo ufed as a name for the pine.

ITHYNTERION, lfl«»n, f. w? in antiquity, a ftaff of laurel, which prophets ufually carried in their hands, otherwife oal- le&fceptron. Pott. Arch. Graec. 1. 2. c. 12.

ITINERARIUM, in furgery, a name given by Hildanus, and many other writers, to a ftaff ufed in the operation of cutting for the ftone.

ITING, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of the Philippine iflands to a bird common among them, and feem- jng, by the defcription, to be of the woodpecker kind. It is of the bignefs of the ftarling. Its wings and tail are black, as are alfo its legs and beak. Its back and belly are filver- colour'd. Its head is bald, or deftitute of feathers, except that there runs all along it a ftrait row of fhort black plumes, forming a line from the beak to the neck. It builds in the hollow trunks of the palm trees, and feeds on various kinds of fruits. It is a very noify bird, but its voice is not difagree- able. People fay this bird has but one ftrait gut.

IVAPECANGA, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the climbing plant, of which the farfaparilla, ufed in me- dicine, is the root. Marggrave, p. 11. Pife 9 p. 258.

JUCADICE Arbor, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the canella alba, or wild cinnamon-tree. Nie- remberg, p. 294.

JUDAlLUS Lapis, [Cycl.) in natural hiftory. This ftone has by many been fuppofed to be a fofiile body in its native figure, but is really the remains of a fpine of an echinus, fil- led with a plated fpar. It is of the figure of an olive, and is fluted and ridged, and furrowed longitudinally in a very beau- tiful manner. It is very common in Syria, and is fometimes found with us. Hill, Hift. of FofT. p. 652. See the article Spar.

JUDAS Tree, in botany. See the article Siliquastrum.

JUDDOCK, in zoology, the name commonly given, in Eng- land, to a finall fpecies of fnipe, called by authors, gallinago minima, and in fome places with us, the geel, or jack fnipe. It is but of about half the fize of the common fnipe. Its rump is of a purplifh blue, like that of the back of a ftarling, all the ends of the feathers being alfo whitifh. The long fhoulder- feathers are brown, yellowifh, and blackifh blue. The neck is variegated with brown, white, and pale red. The breaft and belly are white. It is commonly found among rufhes, and in watery places. Ray, Ornithol. p. 214.

JUDGE {Cycl)— By the law of England, all Judges muft de- rive their authority from the crown, by fome commifnon warranted by law. The Judges of the king's-bench, common pleas, and the barons of the exchequer, are all (excepting the chief juftice of the king's-bench, who is created by writ) appointed by patent. Formerly they held their places only during the king's pleafure : But now, for the greater fecurity of the liberty of the fubjedt, by a ftatute of Wil. 3. a their commiflions are to be quandiu j'e bene gefferint. Tho' upon an addrefs of both houfes of parliament, they may be law- fully removed b . — [ a 12 and 13 Wil. 3. c. 2. b Ibid.] Judges muft exercife their authority in a legal manner, and hold their courts in their proper perfons, for they cannot act by deputy, nor any way transfer their power to another, as the Judges of ecclefiaftical courts may.

The Judges are bound by oath to determine according to the known laws and antient cuftoms of the realm. Their rule herein muft be the judicial decifions, and refolutions upon the various cafes that have occurred, and not their own ar- bitrary will and pleafure, or that of their prince. Vid. Stat. 13 Edw. 3. c. 1. 20 Edw. 3. c. 1, 2.

judges are free from all profecutions for any thing done by them in court, which appears to have been an error of their judgment. But for wilful corruption, they have been com- plained of to the fta-r-chamber formerly a ; and may now be called to an account in parliament b .— [ a Vid. Vaughan 139. b 1 Hawk. P. C. 139. iz Coke 24..']

It has been faid, that fcandalous reflections on the Judges in Weftminfter-hall arc within the ftatute of fcandalum magna- turn. V. Faugh, ibid.

It was formerly enacted, ftat. 33 Hen. 8. c. 24. that none ihould bejuftices of affife within the county where they were born, or do inhabit j but this is repealed by a late ftatute, 12 Geo. 2. c. 27.

By the common law, the patents of Judges were determined by the death of the King, in whole name they are made. But by ftatute 7 & 8 Wil. & Mar. c. 27. & 1 Ann. c. 8. it is enacted, that every commiffion, civil and military, fhall remain in _full force for the fpace of fix months next after

the demife of the King, unlefs fuperfeded by his fucceffor. It was formerly held, that by a juflice's acceptance of anv new name of dignity, his commiilion was determined ; but this was remedied by ftatute 1 Edw. 6. c. 7. But it has been doubted, whether the dignity of baronet, created fince that ftatute, is within the equity of it. Groke Car. 104.

JUGERUM, a Roman meaibre, the double of the ad us qua- dratus. It was a fquare of 120 Roman feet. The Jugerum was divided into 12 uncias, and the unc'ia into 24 jcrupula. Its proportion to the Englifh acre is as 10000 to 16097. Treat. Pract. Geom. p. 87.

JUICE {Cycl.)- — Juices cf Plants. Moft Juice s of vegeta- bles coagulate when expofed to the air, whether it be that they are drawn out of the plant by wounds, or that they natu- rally run out ; tho' what is called naturally running out, is generally the effect of a wound in the plant, from a fort of cancer, or fome other internal caufe. The flowers of the St. John's wort, and the leaves of the rorella, or fundew, afford us purple blebs and veins, and large drops of a clear fluid, yet it does not feem certain that thefe are coagulated Juices. The fmall green leaves, forming the cup of the flower of the common erect tutfan St. John's-wort, are fur- rounded with purple bleds, and the points or tops of the leaves alfo have each two or three fuch blebs, all containing a pur- ple Juice ; yet the ftalk of this plant, being cut and ever fa nicely examined, does not fhew to the naked eye, nor even to the microfcope, any vefiels containing fuch a purple fluid. Whence it may appear not improbable, that what is thus found in fmall blebs is a matter feparated by coagulation only from the reft of the Juice of the flower. Philof. Tranf. N°. 224. p. 366.

In the common St. John's wort the edges of all the leaves of the flower are furrounded with thefe purple blebs, and the ftalk, tho' round, has a double edge, one on each fide, and the blebs or bags are to be (een rifing on thefe edges of the ftalk. The cup of the flower has feveral purple veins, yield- ing a purple Juice, and the leaves of the flower have alfo fome fuch veins, and even the apices all contain a purple matter. In the fquare-ftalk'd St. John's wort, commonly called St. Peter's wort, the edges of all the leaves, from the top to the bottom of the ftalk, are furrounded with rows of thefe purple bags, and the apices of the flower are fo many purple bags ; but the cup and the petals of the flower have but very few purple veins in this fpecies.

In the bypericum pulcbrurn tragi, or upright elegant St. John's wort, the leaves and ftalks have no purple blebs, but only the cup and the flower have them. Thefe Juices alone are what give the red colour to the oil of St. John's wort kept in the fhops. And it is worthy a ftrict enquiry, what they really are, and by what means produced.

Diverfe parts of the fame plant yield different Juices. The fame veins, in their courfe thro' the different parts of the plant, yield Juices of a different appearance. Thus the milky Juice in the root of the cow parfnep is of a brimftone colour ; but in the ftalk it is white.

Among thofe Juices of vegetables which are clammy, and readily coagulate, there are fome which readily break with a whey. The great wild lettuce, with the fmell of opium, yields the greateft plenty of milky Juice of any known Eng- lifh plant. When the ftalk is wounded with a knife, the Juice flows readily out like a thick cream, and is white and ropy ; but if thefe wounds be made at the top of the ftalks, the Juice that flows out of them is dafhed with a purple tinp-e, as if cream had been fprinkled over it, with a few drops of red wine, and has fome veins. Some little time after the let- ting this out, it becomes much more purple, and thickens, and finally the thicker part of it feparates, and the thin whey fwims at the top. Herein the Juice of this plant exactly refem- bles the blood of animals, which tho' a fimple fluid, when drawn from the veffel, yet foon feparates into a thick cake, and a thin fluid, or ferum.

The whey, or thin part of this feparated matter, is eafily preffed out from the curd by fqueezing between the fingers, and the curd then will remain white, and, on wafhing in fair water, becomes like rags. The purple whey, for in this part all the colour is lodged, foon dries into a cake of the iame colour, and may be crumbled between the fingers into a purple powder. The white curd being dried, and kept fome time, becomes hard and brittle. It breaks with a mining furface like refin, and is inflammable, taking fire at a candle, and burning all away with a ftrong flame. The fame thick part being held over a gentle heat, would draw out into tough long threads, melting in the manner of wax. Philof. Tranf. N°. 224.

The purple cake, made from the whey, is wholly different from this, and when held to a candle, fcarce flames at all, but burns to a black coal. The whole virtue of the plant feems alfo to confift in this thin part of its Juice, for the co- agulum or curd, tho' looking like wax or refin, has no tafte at all, whereas the purple cake made from the ferum is ex- tremely bitter, and of a tafte fomewhat refembling that of opium.

It is poflible that the artifi.ee of bees may confift, in a great

meafure, in the feparating in this manner the thick and the

I thin