Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/924

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the veiTels, but obftrufl: the minute Ms of the vlfcera and emunctories, thefe medicines by their inciding and attenuating quality difcharge the humors, and remove the obftru&ions ; for which reat'on they are not improperly called aperients ; and they deferve alfo, in thefe cafes, the names of antifcor- butics, and fweetnersof the blood : For fince the purity and proper temperament of the vital juices depend upon the due fecretion and excretion of every thing iuperfluous and recrementitious in the conftitution ; and fmce the neceflary decrees of fecretion and excretion are intercepted, by the minute glands of the emun&ories being blocked up by thick and vifcid juices, 'tis therefore obvious that fuch medicines as attenuate the infpiffated humors, and remove the obftruc- tions, muft be fweetners of the blood, and excellent reme- dies ao-ainft the fcurvy ; in which the humors have evident- ly loft their due temperament, and are become impregnated with heterogeneous, vifcid, faline, fulphureous, and acrid particles. Hoffman. Oper. Vol. i. Seci. 2. c. 4. Attenuates produce fo great a variety of effects, that 'tis pro- per we fliould be well acquainted with their fevcral kinds as appropriated to the feveral diforders, and know which will prove moft ferviceable in each. The dillblving and attenuat- ing vifcid crudities in the ftomach and primas viae, is well anfwered by the roots of arum, acorus, pepper, ginger, and the like \ as alfo by fal armoniac, vitriolated tartar, the fixed alcaline {alts, and the fimple or dulcifyed fpirit of fait. When crude and unconcocted humours are to be evacuated by ftool, this intention is very well anfwered by the neutral falts, as the faits of the purging waters, and the fal poly- creftum, with a fufficient quantity of a watery vehicle. When vifcid humors occafioning diibrders of the breaft, are to be attenuated and expectorated ; the intention is moft ef- fectually anfwered by elecampane and orrice roots ; and by gum ammoniacum, myrrh, or benjamin, and balfam of Peru, or by regenerated tartar, oxymel of fquills, a folution of crabs-eyes in diftilled vinegar, and the fyrups of tobacco, and the like.

When the mafs of blood is tainted by thick and tenacious fordes, and the emunctories are by that means obftrudted and the humors contaminated by a faline fulphurous and fcor- butic dyferacy, the moft efficacious of the Attenuants are the horfe-radilh, fcurvy-grafs, water and garden-crefles, muftard, gum-ammoniacum, benjamin, myrrh, the oil of fixed nitre, oil of tartar per deliquium, folutions of nitre, fpirit of fal armoniac, fait of wormwood with lemon-juice, and the falts of the medicinal waters.

When griimous or coagulated blood, occafioned by contu- sions or blows, is to be attenuated, and again difiolved, the intention is admirably anfwered by the roots of Solomon's- feal, vinegar, and crabs-eyes, the regenerated tartar, and nitre prepared with antimony.

And in cafes where the lymph has acquired a preternatural thicknefs and vifcidity, efpeciallv if from a venereal taint, the curative intention is moft effectually anfwered by guaia- cum, the acrid tincture of antimony, calomel, asthiops mine- ral, and the like ; which, when ikilfully ufed, are of Angular efficacy in diflblving and attenuating the vifcid juices im- pacted on the glands of the liver. Hoffman. Qyev.Vol.i. feci:. 2. c. 4.

INCISIVE (Cyd.)-~ -Incisivus lateralis, in anatomy, a name given by authors to a mufcle of the face, called by Albinus Levator lahii fupcrioris alaque nafi.

INCISORIUS Mufculus, in anatomy, a name given by Santo- rini to the mufcle called by Albinus Levator labii fiiperioris j and Elevator labii fuperioris, by Cowper.

INCLAVE, a term ufed by Morgan, to exprefs an irregular line in heraldry, differing from the indented, invented, and all the others. It is called by fome patee, and by others the dove- tail line, from its refemblance to that joint, known among our joiners by this name.' It is alfo called by fome, the la- belled line. It has thefe names from the figure of the points, as they proceed from the ordinary, fuch as a chef or fefs refembling the ends of labels. Morgan's Sphere of Gentry.

INCLINATION (Cycl.)— Inclination of Meridians, in dialling, the angle that the hour-line on the globe, which is perpendicular to the dial-plane, makes with the meridian.

INCLOSING of Land. The inclofing land into fields and paftures, lays the foundation for all the induftry and good hufbandry of the farmer, as it fecures him of the advantages of his labour. Many have pleaded indeed for the leaving land in open fields, but experience (hews the profit to be on the other fide ; fince vaft quantities of land have been of late years inclofed, which before lay open ; and rent every where incrcafes, as lands are more and more inclofed. The advantage of indofng land is more neglected in the north of England, than in any other part of it. It is a very unlucky miftake in the farmers in that part ; becaufe one fignal ad- vantage of indofurcs is, that the lands are kept warmer by them than they otherwife would be ; and this warmth is wanted much more in thofc northern cold parts, than in the more fouthem parts of the ifland, which are much warmer. Land is inclofed in different parts of England by fences of dif- ferent kinds, according to the nature of the country, and

its produce. The moft common Jndofure is by a ditch and a bank railed by its fide, let with quick : This takes place in almoft anv ground ; but as this is expensive, and itone or. water are more plentiful in particular places, they are ufed in its ftead. In marfhy lands they only cut ditches, by way of fence between ground and ground ; and thefe when wide and deep enough, are a very good fence in all places where there is water to keep them full. Moriimer\ Hufbandry. In Cornwal, and Devonshire, and fome other of the weftern counties, they ufe a {tone-fence; which is the belt kind both for the lands and for the cattle. Flat ftones are very plentiful in thefe counties, and to be had at littler or no expence. They build round the land that is to be. inclofed, two walls of thefe ftones near one another, laying the ftones one upon another, firifc two and then one all the way up, and as it rifes they fill up the fpace with earth, which brings it together ; and fo they continue the ftone- work filling it to what height and breadth they pleafe, beat- ing the ftones in flat to the fides, which makes the whole very firm. On the top of thefe walls they plant quick and even timber- trees, which thrive extremely well. In the northern counties of England, and fome others where there is plenty of itone of a large and rough kind, they make their fences with the rough and unhewn ftones, piling them up into a wall with no fort of cement or mortar, only laying on large ones at the top in a bed of clay, which keep all the reft together. They make thefe walls about five foot high ; and in the north they dig the ftones for eighteen-pence a rood, and make the walls tor the fame price, reckoning twenty-one foot to the rood or pole. To dig the ftones for fences-building, or lime, in Suflex, they reckon three {hil- lings the cart load. See the article Fences.

INCLOSURE, a word ufed fometimes to exprefs an inclofed piece of ground, and fometimes for the fence or hedge made to inclofe it. Thefe hedges are ufually made of white- thorn, fometimes of black-thorn, of crab, or of holly. See the article Fence.

A very good Jndofure for gardens may be made of the com- mon elder. Where the ground is good, this fucceeds ex- tremely well. Elder fticks or truncheons ten or twelve foot long are to be cut and ftuck in the bank Hope- wife each way, fo as to make a chequer-work. This makes the fpeedieit fhelter of any. When the trees grow old, they are alfo' ftill of value, their wood is a very fine one for turning, and is at leaft equal -to box, if not furpafling it. Mortimer's Hufbandry.

The elder-tree makes an extremely good fence in watery places, and when planted on the banks of rivers is of great ule in preventing them from being undermined by the current ; the roots being very numerous, ftrong, and compact. It is al-r ways fending fuckers alfo from its loweft roots, which makes it very ufeful where ftreams wear away their banks, and are widening their courfe.

The furze-bufh, tho' an irregular grower, makes an excel- lent fence on dry banks, where nothing elfe will grow. It may be raifed either by feeds, or by fcts ; but the feeds are the beft, efpecially thofe of the French furze, which grows to the height of fifteen or fixreen foot, and is not fubject to fpread with its roots and get into the good ground, as our common heath furze will always do. This has the advan- tage of being a very fpeedy grower. It will make a very- good hedge in three years, if taken care of. It muft be kept well weeded while young ; and the flieep muft be kept away from it, for they are very fond of its young {hoots. But it only requires this care for a little while, for when grown up to any confiderable height, nothing can hurt it. If a furze hedge be clipped, it will grow large and thick; but if left to itfelf, it will run up to a confiderable height, and afford good fhelter, and yield an excellent fuel. They fow much of the poor land in Devonfhire with furze, and make very confiderable advantage of it. <

INCOMBUSTIBLE (Cyr/.) — Incombustible Clotb,akmd of cloth made of the afbeftus, and therefore not to be con- fumed by fire. The manufacture of this cloth is loft in Eu- rope ; but in fome parts of Tartary they have a very long and fine kind of afbeftus, and have the way of manufactur- ing it, fo as to make a fort of handkerchiefs, and fome larger things of it. They tell the people there, that it is made of the root of a tree ; but this is only a pretence in- vented to keep the Chinefe in the dark about it ; for they are very fond in fome places of the cloth, and purchafe it of the few Tartars who have the fecret, at a very great price. See the article Asbestus.

All the antient authors talk of this cloth, but many among the moderns have doubted whether ?.p.y fuch was ever ac- tually made. Dalechamp feems to think it imponible, be- caufe of the fhortnefs of the fibres of the afbeftus. And Schildius, in his commentaries on Suetonius, abfolutely denies it. Boxhornius feems to think, that the Indians might have fuch a cloth in the time of the Romans, be- caufe the materials of it were found among them ; but he is of opinion, that no fuch cloth was ever made by the Ro- mans themfelves. Caufabon is of the fame opinion ; and indeed there feems great probability in it, as we ftill find

the