Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/913

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as to be fcarce vifible ; the flower confifts of one leaf, and is of the faucer-fliaped kind i the tube is extremely ftiort, and the mouth is divided into five fegments ; thefe are of a roundifh figure ; they ftand expanded, and are convex above, and concave underneath. The ftamina are ten pointed fila- ments, they ftand clofe to one another in the middle, five of them are fhorter than the others, and they all ftand erect, and are of the length of the cup : The anthere are round- ifh, and turn about upon the ftamina, There is a faint rudiment of a piftil in the bottom of thefe flowers. The female flowers ftand in the fame umbel with the male ones ; in thefe the cup is wholly wanting. The flower confifts of five petals difpofed in a rofaceous form : The germen of the piftil is roundifh and trifulcated. There are three fiyies, each divided into two at the end, and the ftigmata are iim- ple. The fruit is a round capfule, compofed of three cells, each compofed of two valves j the feeds are folhary and roundifh. Lhinai Gen. Plant, p. 457. Teurnefort, 438. Dill. Elth. 173.

JAUNDICE (Cyc/.)— Medical writers diftinguifli the Jaundice into idiopathic and fymptomatic. The idiopathic 'Jaundice is that which arifes of itfelf, and has no dependance on any other difeafe ; the fymptomatic is that which arifes in the courfe of fevers and other diftempers, in which the gall is affected.

The yellownefs of the fkin in fome infants as foon as born, is by no means to be fuppofed a 'Jaundice, as it is a thing of no confequence, and ufually goes oft of itfelf after the voiding of the firft ftools.

Signs of the Jaun dice. This difeafe always attacks people with a remarkable laflitude, which lafts for fome time ; and this is more particularly the cafe, where violent paihons of the mind have given rife to the difeafe : This fymptom is fucceeded by a fenfe of a ftricture and compreifion at the pit of the ftomach ; hence arife anxieties and ftraitnefs of the precordia, with difficulty of breathing, which is often fo vio- lent as to threaten fuffbeation ; and ufually there is a ienfe of weight and uneaiinefs in the right hypochondrium, The patient is always eafier while fitting, than while lying, or walking. There is a flight fever joined with the other fymp- toms, the patient being hotter than at other times, and ufu- ally feeling a flight chilnefs or fhivering before this. The bowels are fometimes coftive, but fometimes more lax than ufual, and the ftools are always whitiih. Thefe fymptoms are very foon fucceeded by a yellownefs beginning in and about the eyes, and by degrees fpreading itfelt over the whole furface of the body. The urine is of a fine yellow colour, tinging tire veflels in which it ftands ;, and if only a few drops of it are poured over a linnen cloth, they immediately tinge it like fafFron. The appetite is always bad; and when any thing is eaten, the uneafy fenfation always returns with more violence at the pit of the ftomach. The fleep is ufu- ally troubled, and there is ever a great languor of the mind attending the difeafe through all its periods. Thefe are the fymptoms of the yellow Jaundice.

The black Jaundice is diftinguifhed by a more violent and un- eafy dejection and languor of the mind, and the colour brought on by the difeafe is blackifh ; and this is not only in the eyes and fkin of the whole body, but alfo in the uruie and fpittle, or at leaft the laft is of a dufky and deep yellow. To thefe fymp- toms there is joined in this cafe a heittc heat, with great relt- lefthefs, wafting of the flefh, and a Angular and terrible de- jection of the ftrength ; and as there is ufually a fenfation of a preflure and weight in the right fide in the yellow Jaundice, the fame fenfation is felt in this on the left. Perfons of all ages, and of both fcxes, are fubject to this difeafe, but par- ticularly fuch as are of a choleric habit ; and the extremes of life, youth and old age, are more frequently fubject to it than the middle ftage. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 440.

Caufes of it. Thefe are a coarfe and thick diet, and an immo- derate ftomach for food, a hidden obftruction or repreflion of hemorrhages, particularly of the difcharges of the menfes and hemorrhoidal veins. In thefe cafes this difeafe is alfo

. too often either the forerunner, or the attendant of an hepatitis. It is alfo fometimes brought on by a fuppreflion of intermit-

. tent fevers, particularly of quartans by aftringents, and by violent paffions of the mind, efpecially when they are fup- prefled. Violent emetics will fometimes alfo bring on this difeafe, as will alfo a fudden draught of cold water when the

• body is very hot. A fchirrus in the liver, or a ftone in the gall bladder, are alfo known too often. to occafion it. Thefe are the caufes of the yellow Jaundice ; but the black ufually takes its rife from obftinate and habitual obftructions of the fpleen, which is properly the feat of this diforder.

Prognojiics. Young people are feldom fo violently attacked-

. with the Jaundice as thofe advanced in years, and are al- ways more cafily cured of it. When this difeafe comes on with more than ordinary violence, there is reafon to fufpect a hectic or flow fever at the bottom, or fometimes an acute one. And when a Jaundice attacks perfons on the fourth day of an acute fever, or before that time, and comes on with great violence, there is always danger of the death of the patient. The greater the obftructions of the vifcera are from the fuppreflion of intermittent fevers, the greater is Suppl. Vol. II.

g the danger that attends the Jaundice arifmg from fuch ob- ftructions. People who have had the Jaundice two or three times fall into a fort of habitual tendency to it on different occafions., and are ufually fubject afterwards to frequent re- turns of it. When the Jaundice is attended with great dif- ficulty of refpiration, anxiety, and oppreffion about the precardiac and with a fort of afthmatic opplction of the breaft, a hectic or afcites, and an atrophy, too frequently fol- low. If at any time the yellow colour of the fkin in this difeafe changes fuddenly to white, it is a very fatal prefage j fhewing that there is a fehirrous conftitution in the liver. A difcharge of blood by the hemorrhoidal veins happening in the rime of this difeafe, is a prefage of a ipeedy cure, and copious yellow fwcats which itain the linnen, are alio a very favourable fymptom. A Jaundice which happens to perfons advanced in years, from the too ijee uic of ipintuous liquors, is a much more difficult one to cure than the common kind, as there is always in this cafe a remarkable drynefs of the liver. A Jaundice not unfrequently arifes from a iiip- preflion of a quartan by the bark alone, or given in an inju- dicious manner ; and when this proves obftinate and difficult of cure, it gives a very bad prefage of a heciic, and obftruc- rion of the iiver. On the whole, a Ample Jaundice •of the common flighter kind is eafily cured, and is of no danger; but when this difeafe is complicated with others, and is ob- ftinate of cure, it ufually proves fatal either in itfelf, or in its confequences.

Tiie black jaundice is always more difficult of cure than the yellow ; and where it attacks old pejpie, and is of lo;i<r ftanding, it generally proves fatal cither in itfelf, or by bring- ing on heches and other incurable diforders. Junker's Conip. Med. p. 442.

Method of Cure. When the difeafe is recent, the patient fhould take three or four times a day powders of n.tre and tartar vitriolated ; and in cafes where violent pafiions have been in the caufe of it, the abfbrbent powders are to be added as crabs-eyes, and the like. At times there mult be given with thefe, fmall dofes of rhubarb or other gentle purgatives and decoctions of turmeric, celandine, and a little iairrun. By thefe means a recent Jaundice is often happily taken oft" in a very little time, or as it were nipped in the verv bud. A few grains of diaphoretic antimony may be added to that . powder, which is to be taken going to reft ; and this will be- very efficacious in carrying oft" the yellownefs of the fkin. When the difeafe is going .off by thefe gentle means, fome gentle chalybeate is to be given twice a day, and after this the purging by rhubarb is to be repeated. J Junker's Confp. Med. p. 445.

When the difeafe is more ftubborn, a gentle fweat is to be kept up continually, and powder of turmeric to be given at a icruple for a dole, and powders of diaphoretic antimony and the digeftive falts, fuch as tartar vitriolated, are to be given frequently. In young people, there needs little more to cure the Jaundice, than the keeping up a gentle perfpira- tion, and a few dofes of rhubarb. And in general, as the Jaundice is a difeafe very fubject to return upon perfons who have once had it, gentle evacuations fhould be ufed at times to keep it off, and a medicated drir.k with rhubarb, fenna, and the like, fliould be taken tor fome days once in a quarter of a year. The Jaundice is a difeafe which will not bear any rough methods ; vomits and flrong purees al- ways do harm, and fweats forced by the hot medicines make the difeafe worle, urftead of giving the relief in it which is always had from perforation brought on by gentler means. Horfes are fubject to this diftemper, as well as men. The farriers commonly call it the yellows, and divide it as we do the Jaundice into two kinds, the yellow and the black. The yellow kind is known by the creature's white of his eyes turning to a yellowifh colour, and his tongue and lips. alfo partaking of the fame tinge, but in a fmaller degree. In the black kind all thefe parts are ting- ed with a dufkiih or blackifh colour. The common cure among the farriers is by means of an ounce of mithridate diffolved in two quarts of ftrong beer, and given to the horfe warm ; and repeating this dofe once in twelve hours, as long as the diftemper continues.

Jaundice-BjVW. See the article Icterus.

JAU-RAIA, in botany, a name given by Plumier to a genus of plants j another fpecies of which he afterwards defcribes under the name of Kryonie fpecies. Thefe are included by Linneus under one genus : The characters of which are delivered in his Genera Plantarum, p. 479. under the name Raiania. Plum. Gen. p. 29. Species rar. See the article Raiania.

JAW {Cyd.)—Diflocated Jaw. The lower Jaw is feldom luxated, becaufe it is held very firmly by ftrong ligaments and mufcles in two finus's in the bafts of the cranium ; but when it is by accident forced from thence, whether it be on one fide only, or on both ; it is in this cafe thruft directly forward. This accident is fometimes brought on by a blow,

■ or fall, but moft frequently it happens from the opening the

mouth too wide in yawning. If it be luxated on both fides,

the chin will incline downward, and the Jaw will be thruft

very forward ; but if only on one fide, the chin will be in-

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