Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/88

 ALB

ALB

Guvr. ^es Scav. Jan. 1690. p. 22.1. feq- Bibl. Ghoif. T. 27. p. 44. Their Manicheifm admitted in part, Limborcb, loc. cit. Aft. Erud. Lipf. 1702. p. 332. Thomaf. Hilt. Sapient. & Stult. c. 4. p. 44. Their merits as reformers, Act. Erud. Lipf. 1693, p. 173. feq. Mem. de Trev. 1717. p. 1375. Bibl. Univ. T. 9. p. 33. As faints and .martyrs, Hift. Crit. Rep. Lett. T. 4, p. 19. Jour, des Scav. T. 35. p. 385. Albigenses is alfo a name fometimes given to the followers of Peter Vaud, or Waldo.

In this fenfe, Albigenfes is fynonymous with what we more properly call Waldenfes ■, or poor men of Lions. See Wal- PE.nses, Gycl.

-In this fenfe is the word applied by Camerarius, Thuanus, and divers other writers. The reafon feems to be, that the two parties agreed in their oppofition to the papal innova- tions and incroachments, though in divers other refpects faid to be different enough \ The bifhop of Meaux b labours hard to fupport a distinction between the two feels, alledging that the Albigenfes were heretics and Manichees, whereas the Waldenfes were only fchifmatics, not heretics ; being found as to articles of faith, and only feparating from the church of Rome on account of ceremonies and discipline. Dr. Allix c endeavours to fet afide the diftindtion, and fhews, that both of them held the fame opinions, and were equally condemned and held for heretics ; and this not for points of faith, but for declaiming againft the-papal tyranny and idolatry, and hold- ing the pope to be the Antichrift. Which laft, according to M. de Meaux, constitutes nothing lefs than Manicheifm. — [ a Thomaf. Hift. Sapient. & Stult. c. 4. p. 48. feq. b Ubi fupra. c Rem. Hift. Piedm. c. 2c. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1691. p. 262. feq.]

In this fenfe the Lollards and Wickliffites in England were not only Albigenfes, but Manichees. Allex, ubi fiipra, p, 201. feq. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1693. p. 175.

ALB INI, in antiquity, the workmen employed in what was called Opus Albarium. See the article Albarium Opus. Thefe are otherwife denominated Albarii. They make a dif ferent profeflion from the Dealbatsres, or whiteners. Pitifc. in voc. Sec Albarii.

ALBITROSSE, the name of a large fea bird, common about Jamaica, and in many other places. This is a thievifh crea- ture, and principally feeds on the prey which another fea bird, called the booby, provides for itfelf.

It is faid that the head of the Albitrojfe changes from brown %q a fine fcarlet, while it fits on its eggs, and afterwards be- comes brown again.

ALBOGALERUS, in Roman antiquity, a facerdotal cap, or ornament, worn by thcfia?nen dialts. This is otherwife called gakrus.

. The Albogalerus was made of the fkin of fome white victim Sacrificed to Jupiter j on the top of which was a decoration ot olive branches. Fefl. in voc.

ALBORAK, in the Mahometan theology, the beaft on which the prophet rode, in his extraordinary aerial journies. The word is Arabic, Al-borak, which literally denotes fplen- dour ; alluding to the extraordinary brightnefs of this beaft • ; or, as others fay, to its great quicknefs, which was equal to that of lightning itfelf b .— [» D'Hcrbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 578.
 * Life of Mahom. p. 47. feq.]

The Arab commentators give many fables concerning this extraordinary vehicle. It is reprefentcd as of an intermediate Ihape and fize, between an afs and a mule. A place, it feems, was fecured for it in paradife, at the interceffion of Mahomet ; which, however, was, in fome meafure, extorted from the prophet, by Alborak's refufing to let him mount him, when the angel Gabriel was come to conduct him to heaven.

ALBORO, in zoology, a name by which the erythrinus, a fmall red fifn, caught in the Mediterranean, is commonly known, in the markets of Rome and Venice. Willughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 311. See the article Erythrinus.

ALBUCUS, in botany, a name ufed by fome for the white afphodel. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

ALBUGINEA tunica, [Cyd.) in anatomy, is the third coat of the tefticles ; fo called from its colour, which is white. It is a ftrong thick membrane, very fmooth on the outer furface ; the inner, which adheres to the fubftance of the tefticle, being rough and uneaven. Into its upper part are inferted blood veffels, nerves, and lymphatics, which from thence fend divers branches into the fubftance of the tefticles. V. Kell. Anat. c. 2. fee. 15. p. 93. Drake, Anthropol. 1. 1. c. 19. p. no. See Tunica.

ALBUGINEUS is applied, by fome, for the aqueous humour of the eye. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 28.

ALBUGO (Cyd.) — This difeafe of the eye is otherwife called TuvKupK, vqbtot, E^xof, irjcgaXwpLic, leucoma, hypaulon, helcos, and farala?npfis ; by Celfus, ulcus fupercrefcens ; by others, ulcus fijbnafcens \ by others, cicatrix fupereminens. — It differs from «*»', or cicatrix, in that the latter infects only the black of the eye, or the pupil. It differs from the Jtyii, *.yi*c, or ai^Am, of Hippocrates, in that thefe denote only a whitifh concretion of vifcid matter, growing on the outer furface of the cornea, and eafily curable,. It differs alfo from the ungulq, pterygium, pterygotomum, tela, pin, and web, in that thefe are only ex- ternal, flight, or fuperficial fpecks, whereas the Albugo is

thicker and harder, and penetrates into the fubftance of the part. It differs from unguis and onyx, gag, in that thefe im- port an abfeefs, or fuppuration of the Cornea *.— Laftly, it differs from the coiloma, in that this latter is fcated in the tu- nica albuginea, not in the cornea; though fome affect to make thefe two the fame, in order to diffinguifh the Albugo from the pterygium, die latter of which they fuppofe feated in the cornea, as the former in the albuginea b. — [" IVoolhouf. Quad- rag. Opcrat. Chirurg. c, 1. Ephem. Germ. cent. 5. app. p. 131. feq. b Kenned. Ophthalm. c. 13. Jour, des Scav. T. 56. p. 260.]

The Albugo then, Is a whitifh, denfe, opake fpot, or film, growing on the tunica cprnea, and obftructing the fight. It ofteneft arifes as a fear after an inflammation, or ulcer of that part, particularly in the fmall-pox j fometimes from a congeffion of tough, impacted humours. The unguis alfo, if neglected, or wrong treated, fometimes degenerates into an Albugo.

The Albugo is by moft looked upon as incurable ; though fome pretend to effect its cure by a, fort of myfterious ftone, called lapis d'winus c. Coward mentions the juice of granates and jufquiamnus, as of good fervicc for reducing the Albugo from its white colour to a brown one, more approaching the natural colour of the eye d. — [ c Mem. de Trev. 1707. p. 731. d Cow. Ophthalm. in Jour, des Scav. T. 39. p. 130.] Heifter obferves, that as in feveral other claffes of diforders belonging to the eyes, fo in this we meet with a great deal of confufion, by a mifapplication and reduplication of feveral names, which are often ufed to import the fame difeafe j whence arife difficulties and miftakes, and errors in the method of cure.

The moft eminent furgeons and phyficians mean by Albugo, leucoma, nebula, nubecula, a fort of whitifh fpots in the cor- nea, though they appear not always alike, and of the fame kind, being fometimes larger or fmaller, thicker or thinner*, more or lefs pellucid and protuberant.

The caufes of thefe are various. They may arife, 1. From an obftruction of the pellucid veffels of the cornea, and in- fpifiation of their juices, proceeding from a violent inflamma- tion of the eye. 2. From a fuppuration, and then an in- duration of thefe juices in the cornea, after an inflammation ; (o that, by degrees, it becomes more opake, as it hardens, putting on a whitifh hue ; and hence has been fometimes miftaken for an unguis. 3. Thefe fpots may arife from an ero- flon, or ulcer. 4. From puftules in inflammatory diforders. 5. From the fmall-pox. 6. From fears left after punctures in the cornea, by fwords, knives, glafs, &c. 7. From burns. 8. From cauftic fubftances falling into the eye. 9. Thefe fpots may alfo be formed by a peculiar tunic growing to the eye itfelf.

The cure is various, according to circumftances. If the diforder arifes from infpiflatcd humours, an attenuatingdiet and medicines, efpecially fudorific decoctions and infufions; together with phlebotomy, fear ificat ions, blifters, and pediluvia, are ufeful. Cold and aftringent collyria, efpecially thofe of white vitriol, are here pernicious ; whereas warm applications are of the greateft fervice. But if thefe diforders be of long Handing, there is little or no hope of a cure.

If the diforder proceeds from abfeefles, or a fuppuration of matter, after an inflammation, betwixt the laminae of the cornea, which they elevate like a pea, or pearl, whence they are fometimes called pearls, an incifion ought to be made into the cornea, to difcharge the included matter. But neither this nor any other method will fucceed fo as to prefcrve the eye-fight clear, if the matter be lodged deep. If the puftules take their rife from burns, or the fmall-pox, the contained matter mult be difcharged, and the pellicle muft be removed with alum, ujh cum faccbar. cand. & ovor. tejl. pp. applied every day to the cornea. Spots in the cornea arifing from wounds, fears, or the abufe of vitriolic collyria are feldom curable. See H-eifter's Surgery, P. 2. ch. 58.

ALBULA, in ichthyology, a genus of fifties of the truttaceous kind, having no teeth.

There are feveral fpecies of this, the Albitla parva, called Albete; the Albula nobilis of SchoHefeBt ; the Albula carulea, called Bozola ; and the Albula minima, diftinguifhed from the reft by its fmallnefs, and the pale colour of its head. Writers on thefe fubjects feem, however, to have confti- tuted more fpecies than are of nature's making, in this genus. Several of their diftinctions being only of the fame fifh, in its different ftages of growth ; the ferra and lavaretus are alfo plainly of the Albula kind ; and it is not certain whether the differences of place, age, and feafon, are not the origin of the diftinctions even between thefe.

The only fundamental diftinction nature feems to have placed between them is, that fome are of the herring fhape, as the lavaretus, and fome of the falmon fliape, as the ferra. But it requires an accurate and repeated examination of the feve- ral fifli of thefe kinds, from different places, to fay deter- minately what number of fpecies there are of each. JVillugbby y Hift. Pifc. p. 186.

Albula Indua, the name of a fmall fifh, refembling a her- ring, caught about the fhores of the Eaft-Indics, and called 3 by