Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/873

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very common on the fea-fhores, and makes but Ihort flights, making a Shrill noife alt the while it is on the wing ; it runs fwiftly. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 231.

This feems in all refpefts the lame with the Brafilian bird de- fcribed by Marggrave under the name matuitui ; fo that fome ■ birds are common to both thefe regions, however different the greater number of them are. See the articles Matui- tui and Charadrius.

HIATULA, in ichthyology, a name given by fome to the fifh more ufually called the channa. It has this name from its opening its mouth to a great width, efpecially when dy- ing, which is owing to its under jaw, being much longer than the upper. Willughby's Hift, Pifc. p. 327. See the article Channa.

Hiatula, is alfo a name by which Gaza, and fome other authors, have called the fnell-fHh more ufually named Chama; a genus diftinguifhed from other kinds by its always keeping its fhells in fome degree open, and' in many fpccies having no power to fhut them entirely ; for this reafon they defend their naked bodies by burying themfelves in the mud, or in other fubfhnccs. See the article ChaMA.

HICCOUGH, (Cyd.) in medicine, a femiconvulfive motion of the diaphragm and mefentery with the inteftinesj by means of which nature attempts to eliminate and throw oft" fomewhat that offends her in thofe parts. This motion, when it hap- pens in acute difeafes, is to be diftinguifhed from that which happens at other times; and there is yet another kind of it different from either of thefe, which is familiar to children in dying.

The chronic Hiccough is of two kinds ; in its common State it remains on a perfon but a very fhort timej and in the other it remains long, and is attended with a febrile heat, and a difficulty of breathing, with a remarkable noife in ex- fpiration*

Signs of it. It is ufually preceded by a fenfe of a heavy pain in the breaft and abdomen, and this is followed by a more or lefs difficult breathing, with a found or noife in the exfpira- tion ; and the Hiccough itfelf, which in chronic cafes is at- tended with a fenfation of internal ulceration. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 638.

Perfons fubjeel to it. Thefe are principally men who eat large meals, and load the ftomach by drinking largely after them, and who eat large quantities of the fummer fruits, efpecially when unripe. In acute fevers a Hiccough is very familiar to thofe perfons who have any internal inflammation ; and it is very common in the fevers that attend women in their lying-in. The caufes of the common Hiccough are an over- loading the ftomach with food, chiefly with fuch as is hard of di- geftion ; efpecially if fwallowed voracioufly, and large draughts taken after it : Large draughts of cold liquors, or cooling inter-

■ nal medicines, alfo fometimes bring it on ; and it frequently hap- pens when the peristaltic motion of the bowels is disturbed by violent purges or vomits. In acute difeafes it is principally owing to an inflammatiun either in the pylorus, the mefentery, or the fmuous part of the liver ; and in dyfenteries it fometimes comes on from an inflammation of the ileum. Slow poifons alfo fometimes Shew their firft effects in a violent and unmi tigable Hiccough.

Prcgnojiics. The common Hiccough is ufually a diftemper of little trouble, and attended with no danger ; yet there have been instances of perfons dying of it without any other difor- der ; but thefe fatal Hiccoughs will be found, when all circum- ftances are confidered, to have been very different in their na- ture and origin from the common kind, and ufually to have arifen from fome violent motion of the body. When the Hiccough comes on in acute fevers about the day of the crifis, it is always dangerous ; for this, though in itfelf but a femi- convulfive motion, yet very eafily degenerates into an univer- fal convulfion of the whole body, under which the patient ufually foon expires. Hiccoughs attending colics in perfons who have not before been fubjeel to them, are always a bad omen. See Fever and Colic.

Method of cure. The common Hiccough feldom requires any thing of medicine for its cure ; it ufually goes off" in a little time of itfelf, or if not, is eafily thrown off by warm liquors, as tea, coffee, or the like. But when it remains on the per- fon a long time, as it fometimes will for feveral weeks, then the following method is proper for its cure. The crudities of

■ the prima; viae are to be carried off by gentle purges, as final! dofes of rhubarb, and the like ; and by the affiftancc of the abftergent and emollient clyfters. After this the ftomach is to be Strengthened by bitters and mild chalybeats, and by wearing externally bags with camphor, and the aromatic roots and carminative feeds. Sometimes alfo it will be neceflary to give abforbents mixed with the calx of antimony, to correct the acrimony of the humours. When the fit has by thefe means been carried off, the return of it is to be prevented by taking now and then a dofe of fome gentle purge, and after every meal 1 wallowing two or three corns of pepper in a glafs of hot wine. When the Hiccough comes on as a fymptom in acute difeafes, refpect is always to be had to the primary difeafe, and then the common alexipharmics are to be given, with fpirit of nitre dulcified, and a gentle dofe of the ni- trous and abforbent medicines, fuch as a powder prepared of purified nitre and crabs-eye;,, or the like j and bags with aro-

hiaticj may be worn externally. Caftor, and the other ner- vous medicines externally have their ufe in this cafe, but inter- nally taken they have no effect, either in this or any the like complaints in the lower belly. Caffia fiftula, fena, and the other purges, which are apt to create flatulencies, are not to be given in thefe cafes. People who are fubjeel to habitual Hiccoughs, will find relief by ufually wearing a belt round the abdomen, and fuch Should always ufe moderate exercife, and avoid large draughts of cold liquors. Junker's Confp. Med. P- 639-

Dr. Hoyer informs us, that a moft violent Hiccough, which had refilled a great number of medicines, was at laft cured by fucking womens milk. Aft. Acad. Nat. Curiof. vol. 4. Obf. 3.

HICK.WALL, in zoology, the name of a fmall fpecies of wood- pecker, called by authors picus varius minor ; a fmall bird of not above an ounce weight, very beautifully variegated with black, white, and brown. The head in the female of this fpecies has a white fpot on the crown, and in the males a red one. It climbs trees like the common large woodpecker, and like it feeds on worms and other infefts which it finds there. Ray's Ornithology, p. 93.

HIDE and Gain, in our old writers, fignified arable land j to gain the land being as much as to till it. Co. Litt. 85. Bfattnt, Cowel.

HIDES — Tanned Hides are commonly carried along with the artillery of an army. They are ufed in the fire- workers ftores, for covering powder, or charged bombs, from the rain, or from fparks of fire. They are alfo ufed on batteries, or in a laboratory.

HIDROA, in the medicinal writings of the antients, a kind of puStules arifing from bilious, vifcid, and irritating humours s very troublefome to the fkin, and moft fo in fummer time, when they make their eruption with the Sweat. They are reckoned by Hippocrates among the difeafes peculiar to the fummer. The word is Greek, **fyw«, from 'iJjjja?. Sudor.

HIDROCRITICA, a term ufed to exprefs the judgments paffed by phyfirians on their patients, ott obferving the fweats that have attended the difeafe.

HIDRONOSOS, a name given, by fome authors, to that ter- rible dife;fe thefudor Anglicus. See Sudor, Cyd,

HYDROPYRETOS, the fweating fever, a name given by fome to the fudor Anglicus.

HIDROTICS, in medicine, fuch things as ferve to promote fweating.

HIERACHIOIDES, in botany, a name given by Vaillant to a genus of plants, Since called by Linnaeus, crepis. See the article Crepis.

HiEMALIA, in antiquity, the fame with Brumalia. See the article Brumalia.

HIERACHIUM, Hawkweed, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the femiflofculous kind, being compofed of a number of fmall femiflofcules, Standing each on its embryo feed, and all con- tained in one common cup. The embryo finally becomes a feed wing'd with down, and of which there are a large num- ber collected in a head. To this it is to be added, that the ftalks are branched, and that there is a general family face and appearance among all the Hawkweeds, by which they are eafily diftinguifhed at fight from the fcorzoneras, &c. Town, Inft. p. 469.

The fpecies oi~ Hawkweed, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : 1. The great upright narrow-leav'd Hawk weed, with fmooth ftalks. 2. The bright red-flower'd Hawkweed, with dandelion leaves. 3. The Hawkweed, fmelling like bitter al- monds, or like the red Apulian kind. 4. The yellow hairy Hawk-weed. 5. The hairy rocket-leav'd Hawkweed. 6. The greateft rocket-leav'd Hawkweed. y.. The great flowered rough Haiukweed, growing in the borders of corn fields. 8. The great obtufe dandelion-leav'd Hawkweed. o. The great bulbofe-rooted dandelion-leav'd Hawkweed. 10. The fweet hairy dandelion-leav'd Hawkweed. 1 r. The fmall fmooth Hawkweed, with beautifully green leaves. 12. The dande- lion-leav'd Hawkweed, with fmall flowers. 13. The little Hawkweed, with rough dandelion-like leaves. 14. The fmall Hawkweed, with long fmooth dandelion-like leaves. 15. The fmall Hawkweed, with reddifh white flowers. 16. The great fuccory-leav'd rough Hawkweed. 17. The hairy fuccory- leav'd Hawkweed. 18. The fmooth fuccory-leav'd Hawk- weed, with bitter roots, called by many the yellow devils-bit. ig. The common fmooth fuccory-leav'd Hawkivced. 20. The coronopus-leav'd Haiukweed. 21. The rough echioide Hawkweed, with carduus benedictus heads, commonly called Langue de Besuf, or ox-tongue. 22. The great Arabian carduus benediclus-headed Hawkweed, with rough finuated leaves. 23. The common great fuccory Hawkweed. 24. The great woolly Hawkweed, called by many, the woolly great fow-thiftle. 25. The hairy Hawkweed, called, by Dalechamp, the true fuccory of Diofcorides. 26. The en- dive-like Hawkweed, with large white flowers. 27. The wall Hawkweed, with leaves covered with very long hairs, called by fome, lungwort. 28. The wall Hawkweed, with jagged and lefs hairy leaves. 29. The wall Hawkweed, with narrower jagged and lefs hairy leaves. 30. The wall Hawk- weed, with lefs hairy and not fpotted leaves. 31. Thenar- 8 row-