Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/87

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tical days ; particular attention it feems is to be had to the ftate of the patient on thofe days, when the moon is in the an- gles 6T the Albahurim : from thefe chiefly are their prognof- ticks taken. Vital. Lex. p. lb. and p. 188.

ALBANENSES. (See Albige uses, Cycl.)— Some will have thefe to have been the fame fee}, others different ; but they who are for the diverfity attribute the fame opinions to both : only making the Albanenfes to have been prior in refpeft of time, as having been found towards the clofe of the Vlllth century, whereas the Albigenfes appeared not till the Xllth century. Prateol. Elench. 1. i. Tit. 22. p. 17. feq. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. X. I. p. 122. feq.

ALBAN1, in middle aged writers, denotes ftrangers or fo- reigners ; anfwering to what we call aliens. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. I. p. 123. feq.

The origin of the word is deduced by Walafrid Strabo >, from the Scotifh nation, which was antiently called by the name Albsni ; and being fuch determined ramblers into other coun- tries, the word became an appellative : fo that an Alban and a foreigner became fynonymous terms. And hence alfo fome, not improbably, derive the French Aubain ".— [» In Vit. S. Gal. I. 2. c. 47. b Trcv. Dift. Univ. T. I. p. 256.]

Albani, in antiquity, a college of Salii or priefts of Mars, in- ftituted by Tarquin, and denominated from mount At- lanta, the place of their refidence. V. Ouvr. des Scav. Jan. 1700. p. 27.

ALBANUM, among chemifts, denotes fait of urine. Rul. Lex. Alch. p. 25.

ALBARA or Albora, among phyficians, a mixt fpecies of malignant itch, compounded of the morphew, ferpigo, and lepra. Paracelf. de Ulcer, c. 42. ap. Cafi. Lex. Med. p. 28. The Albora partakes moft of the nature of the leprofy ; fome make it the fame with the leuce, vitiligo, or morphew. Walth. Sylv. Med. p. 1059.

ALBARDEOLA, in zoology, a name given by many authors to the platea, or fpoon-bill ; a bird approaching to the nature of the heron. See Platea.

ALBARII, in antiquity, properly denoted thofe who gave the whitening to earthen veffels, ISc. In which fenfe they flood contradiftinguifhed from dealbatores, who whitened walls. Baxt. Gloff. p. 76.

ALBARIUM Opus, in the antient building, the incruftation or covering of the roofs of houfes with white plaifter, made of mere lime.

This is otherwife called opus album. It differs from teelorium, which is a common name given to all roofing or ceiling, in- cluding even that formed of lime and land, or even lime and marble ; whereas Albarium was reftrained to that made of lime alone. Pitifc. and Du Cange, in voc.

ALBATI Equi, in antiquity, was a denomination given to thofe horfes in the games of the Circus, which were diftin- guifhed by white cloths or furniture. Aauin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 37.

In which fenfe, Albati ftands contradiffinguifhed from Ruffati, Prafini, and Veneti.

Several authors have miftakenly fuppofed that Albati referred to the colour of the horfes; whereas in reality Equi Albati, might be of black, brown, or other colour.

ALBELEN, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the truttaceous kind called alfo Albula, and much refembling the Ferra. It is caught in the German and other lakes, and is found from five or fix to twelve pound weight, but that more rarely. Its colour is a fine filvery white, whence it has its name, but it is a little way on the back brownifh and dufky. The head is fmall ; the mouth of a moderate fize, and without teeth j the eyes are moderately large, and filver coloured ; the belly, from the firft to the fecond pair of fins, is flatted a little, not running to an edge ; the fides are divided by a dotted line running from the head to the tail, and nearer the back than the belly. It is a fine firm and well tailed fifh. WiU lughby's Hift. Pifc. p. 184.

ALBELLUS. See the article Mergus.

ALBERTISTS, a feci of fcholaftics denominated from their leader Albertus Magnus. Thomas Introd. Phil. Aul. c. I. §. 64. Reinhard. Hift. Philof. p. 132.

ALBESIA, a kind of fhield ufed by the antient Albinfes, a nation of the Marfi. Fejl. in voc.

Thefe were otherwife called Decumana, as being very large ; refembling thefluffus Decumani.

ALBICILLA, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome authors to that fpecies of eagle commonly called Pyrargus, from the whitenefs of part of its tail, ffillugbby's, Ornithol. p. 31.

ALBIGENSES (Cycl.)— This feft had their name, it is fup- pofed, either by reafon there were great numbers of them in the diocefe of Albi, or becaufe they were condemned by a council held in that city. In effect it does not appear that they were known by this name, before the holding of that council. Limborcb, Hift. Inquif. I. 1. c. 8. Bibl. Univ. T. 2.3- P- an- It. T. 20. p. 202.

The Albigenfes were alfo called Albiani, Albigefei, Albii, and Albanenfes, tho' fome diftinguifh thefe laft from them. Thomaf. Hift. Sapient. &Stult. p. 46. See Albanenses. Other names given to them are, Henricians, Abelardifts, Bul- garians, &c. fome on account of the qualities they affumed ;

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others on that of the country, from whence it is pretended 1 they were derived ; and others on account of perfons of note, who adopted their caufe, as Peter de Brius, Arnold de Breffe, Abelard, Henry, &c. Berengarius, if not Wickliff himfelf, is by fome ranked in the number. Jour, des Scav. T. 2. n. -i-in feq. Bibl. Univ. T. 3. p. 33. iS

The Albigenfes are frequently confounded with the WaUenfes, fromwhom however thcydiffer in manyrefpefts, both as being prior to them in point of time, as having their origin in a diffe- rent country, and as being charged with divers herefies, parti- cularly Manicheifm, from which the Waldenfes are exempt. Limborch, loc. cit. Ouvr. des Scav. Mai. 1693. p. 508. Mem. de Irev. 1713. p. 703. AS. Erud. Lipf. 1693. p. 324. See Vaudois, Cycl.

Several protcftant writers have vindicated them from that im- putation. And fome, infteadof heretics, find not only fore- runners of the reformation in them, but faints and martyrs. Certain authors even affert to find them prefigured, among the heavenly hoft, in the apocalypfe. Yet Limborch finds himfelf obliged, from certain aasof the inquifition of Thou- loufe, paffed between the years 1307 and 1323, publifhed in 1692, to allow in part the Manicheifm of the Albigenfes. In order to this, he diftinguifhed two kinds of Albigenfes ; one tainted with that herefy, the other orthodox. Some however except againft any conclufion drawn from the faith of thefe aas, in as much as they were made by their profeffed enemies, perfons who were under a neceflity to reprefent them as highly criminal ; in as much as they were refolved to put them to death. The truth rather feems on Dr. Allix's fide, who fhews, that a great number of Manichees, did fpread over the weftern countries from Bulgaria, and fettled in Italy, Languedoc, and other places, where there were alfo Albigenfes ; by which means being both under the imputation of herefy, they came, either by ignorance or malice, to be confounded, and called by the fame common name, tho' in reality entirely different. Allix, Rem. Hift. Piedm. c. ic. Act. Erudit. Lipf. 1691. p. 261.

At the beginning of the XHIth century, they had intereft enough to engage the kings of England and of Arragon, to defend them againft the Croifes. Peter king of Arragon was killed in a battle which he fought on their behalf; at the head of an army of an hundred thoufand men. The vifcount De Bezicrs, and the count De Thouloufe, rather chofe to Iofe their dominions than abandon the Albigenfes. Philip Au- guftus king of France ftill fupported the croifade ; Louis VIII. marched in perfon againft the Albigenfes, and St. Louis finifhed their entire deftruaion, which was one of his chief titles to fana.ty. But the perfon who diftinguifhed himfelf moft by his zeal and exploits againft the Albigenfes, was Simon count De Montfort. The chief miflionaries whofe preachings fup- phed the army with Croifes, were Arnaud arch-bifhop of Narbone, Guy bifhop of Carcaffon, James De Vitri doaor of Paris, and St. Dominic, founder of the order of friars Predicants, and of the inquifition. Mem. de Trev. 1704. p. 97. feq.

Other errors imputed to the Albigenfes by their opponents, the monks of thofe days, were, that they admitted two Chrifts, one evil, who appeared on earth ; the other good, who has not yet appeared. That they denied the refurreaion of the body, and maintained human fouls to be daemons imprifoned in our bodies, by way of punifhment for their fins ; that they condemned all the facraments of the church, rejeaed baptifm as ufelefs, held the eucharift in abhorrence ; excluded the ufe of confeffions and penance, maintained marriage unlawful, laughed at purgatory, prayers for the dead, images, crucifixes, &c. Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. II. p. 169. With regard to their manner of living, we may confider the Albigenfes as of two kinds, the perfeft, and the believers. The former profeffed to live in continence, abftained from flefh, eggs, cheefe, abhorred lying, and never fwore. The latter lived like other men, but were neverthelefs perfuaded they fhould be faved by the faith of the perfea, and that none of them who received impofition of hands from thefe fhould be damned. Du Pin, loc. cit.

See further concerning the hiftory of the Albigenfes, Prateol. Elench. Ha:r. The perfecutions, wars, and croifades raifed againft them, Limborch, Hift. Inquifit. 1. i.e. 8. feq. Aa. Erud. Lipf. 1693. p. 324. feq. Kujler, Bibl. Nov. Libr. T. 3. p. 33. Du Pin, Bibl. Ecclef. T. 10. p. 166. Jour, des Scav. T. 26. p. 109. It. T. 28. p. 481. Bibl. Choif. T. 27. p. 42. Holy Inquif. c. 3. Sea. 1. p. 51. Ouvr. des Scav. Jan. 1694. p. 238. The lawfulness of perfecuting them, Jour, des Scav. T. 13. p. 105. Colloquies and councils againft them, Allix, Rem. Hift. Albigenf. c. 15. feq. Aa. Erud. Lipf. 1693. p. 173. The reality of their Manicheifm defended, Boffiiet, Hift. des Variat. des Eglif. Proteft. 1. 11. Aft. Erudit. Lipf. 1689. p. 159. Ouvr. des Scav. Sept. 1 688. p. 82. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 14. p. 1262. Mem. deTrev. 1708. p. 1493. It. 1710. p. 959. It. 1711.P. 1637. ^ 1713- p. 703. It. 1722. p. 702. Jour, des Scav. T. 76. p. 565. Their Manicheifm refuted, Allix, ubi fupra, c. 11. Aft. Erud. Lipf. an. 1693. p. 171. Allix, Rem. Hift. Piedm. c. 15. Aft. Erud. Lipf. 1691. p. 261. Bafnage, Hift. de la Relig. c, 4. & 5. Act. Erud, Lipf. 1690. p. 399. 4 Ouvr,