Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/854

 H A U

HAY

HASTATI, among the Romans, foldiers armed with fpears, who were always drawn up in the firft line of battle. Hofm. Lex- in voc. See Battle.

HASTE, or Quicken your Hand, in the manege, called, .in French, Hatez h Main, or Hatez, Hatez, is an expref- fion frequently ufcd by riding-mafters, when a fcholar works a horfe upon volts, and the matter has a mind he fhould turn his hand quicker to the fide on which the horfe works ; fo that if the horfe works to the right, he turns quicker with his {houlders to the right. And the contrary is obferved, if the horfe works to the left.

HASTING Pear, a name given, by the gardeners, to a fpecies of Pear, called alfo by fome, the green chiflel Pear. This is a moderately large Pear % and is longifh toward the pedicle ; its fkin is thin, and of a whitifh green ; the pulp is melting, and of a fugary flavour. It ripens in July.

HATCHES {Cycl.) — Hatches, in mining, a term ufed, in Cornwal, to exprefs any of the openings of the earth, either into mines, or in fearch of them. The fruitlefs openings are called effay Hatches ; the real mouths of the veins, tin Hatches ; and the places where they wind up the buckets of the ore, wind Hatches. See the article Wind Hatch, &c.

Coamings of the Hatches, in a fhip. When the Hatches are raifed up higher than the reft of the deck, thofe planks, or pieces of timber, which raife and bear them up, are called Coamings of the Hatches.

HATCHET, (Cycl.) afmallax, ufed by the pioneers, who go before to prepare the ways for an army, by cutting down hedges, bufhes, flyles, or gates. The grenadiers carry fome- times each a Hatchet by his fide j and the French dragoons, who have but one piftol, have a Hatchet hanging at their (ad- dle-bows, on the right fide.

HATUMURUNGHA, in botany, a name by which fome au- thors have called the tree whofc fruit is the ben nut, the bala- nus myrepfica, or glans unguentaria, and whofe wood is the lignum nephrkicum of the {hops. Herm. Muf. Zeyl. p. 62.

HA VELD A, in zoology, the name of a bird of the duck kind, common in Iceland, and known, among the natives, by this name, called, by authors, Anas caudata IJlandica, the long- tail'd Iceland duck. It is fmaller than the Wigeon, and has a very fmall flatted head ; its feathers round about the eyes are white j in other parts of the head, black, with a mixture of grey ; the neck is of the fame colour ; the back is of a bluifh black, and the rump variegated with black and white ; the tail is compofed of four black feathers, two of which are nine inches long, the other two not more than three inches ; the breaft, throat, and half the belly are black ; the reft of the belly is white. Ray's Ornithol. p. 200.

HAUBERGETTUM, in our old writers, the fame with hals- berga and habergeon, which all fignify a coat of mail. Fleta. lib. 1. c. 24. Blount.

HAUNCH, or Hip, in the manege. To make a horfe bend, or lower his hips, you mud frequently make him go backwards, and make ufe of the aids of the hands, and of the calves of" your legs, in giving him good ftops ; and if that does not fuc- ceed, he muft be tried upon a cakade, or Hoping ground, af- ter the Italian fafhion. Head in, and Hips in. See Head. To gallop with the Haunch in. See Gallop ade.

HAUS TELLUM, in natural hiftory, a name given, by fome authors, to a peculiar kind of fhell-fiih, of the purpura kind, which the French have named the Becaffe, and we the wood- cock (hell. It is remarkable for its extremely long and (lender beak. T'here is a very elegant echinated or fpinofe kind, and two or three fmooth ones. See Becasse.

HAUSTILIA Succina, in natural hiftory, a term ufed to ex- prefs that kind of amber, or, more properly fpeaking, thofe maffes of amber which are obtained by dragging the bottoms of the fea near Pruflia, or found on the fhores, in diftinclion from thofe pieces which are found foflile in the fame or other kingdoms. Hartman has evidently proved, that amber is formed of a bitumen, mixed with vitriol and other falts ; and tho' this is allowed him in regard to the foffile amber, many

. difpute the fea or hauftile amber, as they exprefs it, being fo produced. It is, however, very evident, that all amber is of the fame origin, and probably all the hauftile amber is firft waflied into the fea out of the cliffs ; tho' Hartman thinks it very pofiible, that fome of it may be formed in the earth under ■Jhe fea, and be wafhed up thence. The hauftile, or fea am- ber, is ufually finer to the eye than the foffile; but thercafon is, that it is divefted of that coarfe coat with which the other is covered while in the earth. Hartman's Hift. Succini. The foflile amber itfelf very much differs, not only in degree of beauty and purity, but alfo in hardnefs, fome of it being fo poor, fo coarfe, and fo brittle, as not to be worthy the name of amber ; and fome, that is yet fomewhat better than this, breaking in the taking up. This difference in purity, hardnefs, and goodnefs, feems

. wholly owing to the different proportion in which the falts are

. mixed with the bitumen, in the compofition of the amber;

and it is no wonder that the fea or hauftile amber is never of

the fame coarfe kind with fome of the word that is dug, be-

( caufe fuch is dafhed in pieces by the waves, and deftroyed, and

only the good preferved. The hauftile amber is ufually found in irregular maffes, for the moft part wholly divefted of its rough coat, and often broken, fo that its original fhape cannot well be afcertained ; but the foflile amber generally carries the marks of its origin with it, and is either found in form of large drops of a roundifh or oval figure, or elfe in flatted cakes, formed by the narrow fpaces it is found in, between the layers of the matrix, which is always a kind of foliated or flakey fubftance, by fome miftaken for foffile wood, or the barks of trees preffed together, though, in reality, it is no other than a bituminous earth coagulated by falts, and hardened by the gradual evapo- ration of its fuperfluous moifture by the fun's heat. Phil. Tranf. N°. 258. p. 18. See Matrix. The vulgar form to themfclves an idea of refemblances of fruits, fuch as almonds, peafe, onions, pears, and the like, in the form of the natural maffes of foffile amber; but thefe are only the accidental form of the drops from which it was coagulated. The external furface of the foffile amber is often marked with odd figures : Of the number of thefe are letters according to the alphabets of various languages. Hebrew cha- racters are very common, and the Roman letter S has been often found marked in white, upon a brown piece ; but this is all accident.

HAUTIN, in zoology, the name by which fome call the fifli, more ufually called Outin, and known, among the writers on fifties, by the name of Oxyrynchus. IVillugbby's Hift. Pile, p. 187. See Oxyrynchus.

HAW (Cycl.) — A fmall parcel of land is fo called in Kent; as a Hemphaw, or Beanhaw, lying near the ho ufe, and enclofed for thofe ufes. Sax. Did. But Sir Edward Coke, in an an- ient plea concerning Feverfham in Kent, fays Hawes are houfes. Co. Litt. 5. See Hag a.

Haw, Hawgh, or Howgh, is ufed, in the north of Eng- land, for a green plot in a valley. Cambd.

HAWFINCH, in zoology, an Englifh name for the cocco- thrauftes, called alfo the grofsbeak, and by the Italians, the frifone. See Coccothraustes.

HAWK (£>/.)_- The Englifh legiflature has thought thefe birds worthy of its protection : Taking their eggs out of any man's ground, is punifhable by imprifonment for a year and day, and by a fine at the king's will, one half to him, and half to the owner of the ground. Stat. 11 Hen. 7. c. 17. See Falcon.

Hawk-wW, in botany, See Hierachium.

HAWSE-/a//, or to ride Hawse-full, at fea. See Ride.

HAY {Cycl.) — The herb called faint fain, and cultivated in many parts of this kingdom, affords a kind of Hay preferable on all accounts to that made from the common grafs, and fubjedf. to fewer accidents. If the common meadow Hay cannot have good weather to be cut in its proper feafon, it will ferve as little elfe than dung, and yet the charge of cut- ing and carrying it off the ground muft not be omitted : But if there be not weather to cut the faintfoin at a proper time, we may wait till it is in flower, or even till the flowers are fallen j and then if it ftill rain on, it may ftand for feed, and will turn to as good account this way as any other ; fo that a field has four chances for one that a meadow of common grafs has.

The fecond kind, or that which is cut when the plant is in flower, is the common fort ; and this, tho' inferior to the virgin Hay of the fame plant, is yet greatly fuperior to any other kind of Hay propagated in Europe. About three tun to an acre is the ufual produce of this ; and the larger and longer this is, the better it is eftecmed. The farmers in Ox- fordshire will go feveral miles to purchafe the large ftalked faintfoin Hay for their horfes, when they could have the low leafy fort at the fame price near home. Thethird fort of faintfoin Hay, is the full grown. This is cut juft when the bloflbms are fallen off. It is larger and longer than any of the former kinds, and yields a much greater crop as it fhrinks very little in the drying ; but this is not fo good as the others. The feafon for making this is about mtdfummer, and the farmer has thus three chances for the making his Hay. The manner of making it is this : In a day or two after it is mow'd, it will be dried on the up- per fide, and then it is to be turned, not fingly, but two and two fwaths together ; for by thus turning them in pairs, there is a double fpace of ground between pair and pair, which needs but once raking ; whereas if the fwaths were turned fingly, that is, all the fame way, the ground would require twice raking, at leaft the greater part of it would fo. As foon as both fides of the fwaths are dry from rain and dew, they fhould be made up into little cocks the fame day before the evening dews come on ; for it will be much lefs expofed to the injuries of wet when in thefe little cocks, than when fpread all over the ground. The virtues of the plant are very foon carried away in the lying fpread upon the ground. A week's lying thus expofed to the rain and dew, will make it no better than fo much ffraw.

The faintfoin being larger in the ffalks than common Hay, may be much fooner put up in cocks, for this prevents the heating and fermenting of the Hay, .the air having .a free paffage among and into thefe ftalks, whereas it is excluded in