Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/851

 H A R

H A R

The word Harfchef feems however like the word cinara, and all the other names of the artichoak, to take in alfo another plant of the fame kind called by us the chardoon, a fort of garden thiftle, the tender ftalks of which are earthed up and blanched, and are eaten by us, and were fo by the Greeks. The molt modern accounts of the Perfians tell us alfo, that they eat the young moots and tender ftalks of the Harfchef, which, as the artichoak plant is not ufed for blanching in this manner, probably fignifies in this fenfe the chardoon.

HART (Cycl.) — Harts at one year old have no horns, but only bunches ; and at two years they are very imperfect, being ftrait and fingle ; at three years old they grow out into two fpears ; at four into three j and fo increafe every year in num- ber of branches, till they are fix years old ; but after that their ao-e is not to be known by their heads. February and March are the months in which they caft their horns ; and in ge- neral the older ones caft them fooner than the young ones. Thofe that have been injur' d at rut, or which have been gelded, never caft them at all ; if they are gelded while young, they never have any horns ; if after their horns are grown, they keep thofe which they had on at the time, as long as they live. The horns of fome are reddifh, thofe of fome black, and thofe of others finally are white. The red horns are generally the largeft and ftrongeft, the black are ufually fhorter, and the white are worft of all, being the leaft folid or ftrong.

This animal is the moil cunning in its care of itfelf of all the deer-kind. It is the moft timorous of any, and by its windings and turnings and other fubtilties, as the running among herds of cattle, often deceives the huntfman, and puts a foil upon the dogs. In the chace, which generally is a long one, he takes over hedge, ditch, or river, or whatever comes in his way, nothing itopping him.

This creature lofes its horns in the fpring time, as the other deer do ; but, during the time that it is without them, does not appear, but abides in the thick woods, and only comes out in the night time for food.

Hart's Tongue. See Lingua Cervina.

Hart, or Stag-£wV, in the manege, a fort of rheum or de- fluxion that falls upon the jaws, and the other parts of the forehand of a horfe, which hinders him from eating : Some- times alfo this diftemper affects the parts of the hinder quarters.

HARTANITHE, in the materia medica of the antient Arabs, was one of the names of the ftruthium, or lanaria herba of the Greeks and Romans, a kind of thiftle the root of which was ufed in the cleaning of wool. Avifenna, following the Arabic translation of Diofcorides extant in his time, give;;, under this name, a defcription of the leontopetalon, and the ■virtues of the cyclamen, or fow-bread ; but he finds out the error himfelf, and charges it upon the interpreter ; acknow- ledging that in his time Harthanitha, or artanita, was not a flame either of fow-bread or of the leontopetalon, but of the ftruthium. See Cyclamen.

HARTSHORN (Q»f/.)— Hartshorn^, in medicine, is nutritive and ftrengthening, and is fometimes given in diar- rhoeas ; but a decoction of burnt Hartfhorn in water is more frequently ufed for this purpofe, and is called Hartfbej-n- drink.

The fait of Hartjhorn is a great fudorific, and given in fevers with fuccefs ; its fpirit is a volatile alkali, and of frequent ufe.

HARVEST-ity, Cicada, in natural hiftory, the name of a large fly, remarkable for the noife which it makes in the fummcr months, and particularly about the time of Harveft. The generality of authors have very improperly tranflatcd Ci- cada by the Englifh word grafshopper ; but this is extremely erroneous, the Cicada having not the leaft refemblance to the grafshopper. It is called the Cigale in France in the provinces of Languedoc, £5V. it is very common in that country : Italy and all the hot countries abound with it ; and it is in moft of thefe places called by the common people by a name ex- prefling the Harveji-fy ; but in England we have not the infecl, and few of us have any notion of what it is. It is probable, that people who found the Cicada, according to the defcriptition of the antients very noify, fancied the grafshop- per rauft be the fame creature, this being of all our infects the moft noify in the fumrner months.

The Cicada is a large four-wing'd fly ; its body is fhort and thick, and its wings long and large: The great or common Cicada is by far the largeft of all the known fpecies of fhort- bodied flies, and the (mailer kinds arc larger than the hornet. The head of the Cicada is fhort and obtufe, the eyes are reticulated as thofe of other infects of the winged kind, but they are fmaller in proportion to the fize of the body, than thofe of moft other fpecies ; they are placed at the two fides of the back part of the head, and leave a very large naked fpace of forehead between them, the breadth of this plain fpace is not lefs than that of the breaft of the animal, and it therefore makes a very lingular figure. The reticulated eyes are of an oblong figure, and are cut into a vaft number of faces, and between thefe there are in the plain fpace of the forehead three other fmal] and fhining eyes, refembling thofe of fpiders, and placed in a triangle. The corcelet, or breaft of this fly is divided into two ; the head is fixed to the ante- Suppl. Vol. I.

rior divifion, and the body to the other ; the anterior has a triangular figure delineated upon it in creux, and the pofterior to which the body is fixed has a ridge in the middle, rifing above the reft of the furface. Reaumur's Hift. Inf. vol. q. p. 186.

The two pair of wings are of the membranaceous kind : The outer pair are greatly the larger, they are compofed of an ex- tremely thin membrane, fupported by fome ftrong nerves or ribs ; thefe are joined to the pofterior part of the corcelet, near the place where it is joined to the anterior ; and the under wings, which are fmall, are affixed to the other end of this part of the corcelet, near where the body is joined to it. Thefe wings form a fort of tent or canopy over the body, yet they are fo placed as to leave a part of it naked : The body is compofed of eight rings, including that part which terminates it: The firft ring, or that which joins to the corcelet, is much larger than any of the reft : The laft ring in both fexes, is long and {lender ; but in the female it is more remarkably long, than in the male: The body is per- fectly fmooth, there being very little hairynefs on any part of the animal, and what little there is being placed on the corcelet, and about the reticulated eyes. Thefe are the parts which are feen on viewing the upper fide of this animal ; but the great curiofity is the turning the belly upwards ; in this pofition there come in view the trunk, and the remarkable organization with which the female makes the holes in which it buries its eggs. In this view are alfo feen the organs, by means of which the creature makes that noife, for which it has been admired for fo many ages. Thefe are things ex- tremely worth a curious examination, and are as diftinctly feen and underftood in a dead Cicada, as in a living one, Ariftotle, and the other antient writers who have treated -of the Cicada, have mentioned two fpecies ; which they have di- ftinguifhed by the names Achetse and Tettigonias. Thefe have been generally underftood to mean the two general kinds now known : The achetae being our large Cicada, and the tetigonia? our fmall ones ; but Mr. Reaumur has added to thefe two general kinds a third, which is of a middle fize between the other two. This he fuppofes to have been the tettigonia of the antients, and feems very confident that our fmall kind was wholly unknown to them. Thefe three kinds do not only differ in fize, but alfo in co- lour. The large kind is of a deep and blackifh brown, with a little yellow on the breali, and on fome of the rings of the body. The middle-fiz'd kind is of a paler brown, and has much more of the yellow in it, particularly it has on the body two crofs lines of yellow, which reprefent in fome fort the letter X. The third kind, or fmalleft of all, are called Cigalons by the French ; they are very different from both the others, having a reddifh caft on the body, and mere yel- low than the largeft, and lefs than the middling kind. Thefe diflindtions we owe to Mr. Reaumur, who very candidly ac- knowledges, that he had not fo great opportunities of exa- mining the Cicada of different countries as he could have wifh'd ; and is of opinion, that farther obfervations will give us feveral more kinds of them. Reaumur's Hift. Inf. vol. 9. p. 191.

When the large Cicada is examined on the under part, the belly is found to be of a dirty yellowifh colour, furrounded on each fide by a line or band of brown: This is a continua- tion of each extremity of every one of the upper rings of the body which are brown, and which at the two fides of the animal fall over the under rings, or parts of the rings which form the belly. The antenna; are extremely fhort and fmall ; they are inferted juft clofe to the eyes, and when view- ed by the microfcope they are found to be each compofed of five pieces joined nicely together at the ends, and to be of a conic figure, the bafe being fomewhat broad and the extre- mity terminating in a point. The anterior part of the head is covered with a fort of conjc piece which equals the dia- meter of the head between the eyes at its bafe, and thence ter- minates by degrees in a fmaller point, the whole being bent under the head and reaching beyond the infertion of the firft pair of legs ; to the extremity of this piece is fixed the trunk of the Cicada, an organ diftinct to receive other food than what the antients allowed this creature, for their opinion was that it lived wholly upon the dew. In its firft ftate it has a ftrong trunk, by means of which it feeds on the juices of the roots of plants during its abode under ground in this ftate ; and this trunk feems continued to it after its change into the fly-ftate, and is made the fame ufe of by the animal ; it con- tinually thrufting it into the ribs of the leaves of plants and trees to fuck their juices by way of food for itfelf. Sometimes alfo the large Cicada will pierce the bark of a tree, in order to come at the fap j and in this cafe, as it is difficult to get it into fo hard a fubftance, fo it is alfo hard to get it out : Perfons who have caught the Cicada on the branches of trees have frequently found the trunk thus engaged in the bark, and the creature has found it a mat- ter of difficulty to get it out again. This trunk is very ten- der and delicate, and is well defended from injuries. When the extremity of the conic piece which covers the under part of the head of the Cicada is examined, there is feen growing from it a long and iknder cylindric body of the length and 13 D thicknefs