Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/850

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rot as thofe of other nations, but will endure many times the common period. Tachenius tells us, that the whole fe- cret of this confifts in the manner of their hardening their timber intended for this fervice ; and that this is dune by finking it in water while green, and leaving it Acre many years. This prevents the alkali, or that fait which furnifhes the alkali in burning, from exhaling afterwards; and by this means the timber becomes almoft as incorruptible as (tone. It is evident that the exhaling of this fait, and the rotting of wood, have fome very great connexion with one another, fince the more found any piece of timber is, the more fait it proportionably yields; and the wood which is rotten is found on trial to contain no felt at all. Tacheri. Hippocr. Chym. See the article Timber.

HARDNESS of bodies. See Hard bodies.

HARUWIC. SeeHERDEWic, Cycl.

HARDY -Slvew, a name given by the people in fome parts of England to the mus araneus, called mote ufually the Jhrew, or the jhrew moufe. See Mus araneus.

Hardy Shrubs. The two hardicji Jhrubs we are poflefl'ed of are the ivy and box ; thefe ftand the feverity of ourfharpeft winters unhurt, while other fsrubs perifh ; and trees have their folid bodies fplit and torn to pieces. In the hard win- ter of the year 1683, thefe two Jhrubs fullered no injury any where ; tho' the yews and hollies, which are generally fuppofed very hard)', were this winter in fome places killed, and in others {tripped of their leaves, and damaged in their bark. Furze-buihes were found to be fomewhat hardier than thefe, but they fometimes perifhed, at leaft down to the root. The broom feemed to occupy the next Hep of Hardinefs beyond thefe; this lived where the others died ; and where even this died, the juniper JJjrubs were fometimes found unhurt. This laft is the only JI,' rub that approaches to the Hardinefs of the box and ivy, but even this does not quite come up to them, for while they fuller nothing in whatever maimer they are expo- fed, the juniper, tho' it bears cold well under the fhelter of other trees, yet cannot bear the viciffitudes of heat and cold, infomuch that fume juniper Jl)rubs were found half dead, and half vigorous ; that fide which faced the mid-day fun, having perifhed by the fuccefiive thawhigs and freezings of its fap ; while that which was not expofed to the vIcifHtudcs of beat, had bore the cold perfectly well. S\ich J/irubs as are not hardy enough to defy the winter, 1 but appear half dead in the fpring, may often be recovered by Mr. Evelyn's method of beating their branches with a {lender hazel Wand, to ftrike off the withered leaves and buds, and giving a free pafFage to the air to the internal parts. Where this fails, the metiiod is to cut them down to the quick ; and if no part of the trunk appears in a growing condition, tiiey muft be taken off down to the level of the ground. Pf.nlof. Tranf. N° 165.

HARDER, in zuology, a name given by fome to a fifh of the mullet kind, called by Marcgrave paftor pifcis. IFillughby\ Hift. Pifc. p. 276. See the article Pastor pifcis,

HARE {Cycl) — The fportfmen dHUnguifh four forts of this ani- mal : the one lives in the mountains ; the fecond kind in open fields ; a third kind in marihy grounds ; and the fourth

. is a rambler, having no particular fixed fpot of rcfidence. It is cafy to fee that thefe are no difrin£f.ion in the eye of the naturalift; but they have their fevcral properties according to thefe differences of place, which are of confequence to the fportfmen. Thus the mountain Hares are the fwiftefl of all, and the rnarfh Hares the flowelt ; the field hares have a mid- dle degree of fwiitnefs between thefe ; and the rambling Hares only confiderably fwift, but they generally know all the co- verts and thickets, and have the ait to make a thoufand doub- lings and efcapes that the others would not think of. Hares and rabbits are very mifchievous to new planted orchards, by peeling off" the barks of the tender and young trees for their food ; they do alio the fame fort of mifebief to nurferies ; for the prevention of which, fome bind ropes about the trees up to fuch a height as they are able to reach ; fome daub them with tar; but tho' this keeps off the Hares, it is itfelf mif- chievous to the trees; but this hurtful property of it is in ibmc degree taken off" by mixing any kind of fat or greafe with it, and incorporating them well over the fire. This mixture is to be rubb'd over the lower part of the trees in November, and willpreferve them till that time the next year, without any danger from thefe animals. It is only in the hard 'weather in the winter feafon, when other food is fcarce, that thefe creatures feed on the barks of trees. People who have the care of warrens, pretend to an odd way <uf making Hares fat when they get them there. This is the flopping up their ears with wax, and rendering them deaf. The Hare is fo timorous a creature, that fhe is eternally liftening after every noife, and will run a lung way on the leaft fufpicion of danger ; fo that fhe always eats in terror, and runs herftlf out of flefh continually. Thefe are both prevented by her feed- jug in a fafe place, and that without apprchenfion ; and they fay Ihc will always readily be fattened by this.
 * re the moft difficult of all others to hunt, for they are not

Hare, in zoolosy*. SceLEpus.

Hakes Ears, Beupleurum^ in botany, the name of a genus of umbelliferous plants, the characters of which are thefe. The

_■ flower is of the rofaccous kind, confuting of feveral leaves

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placed in a circular form, and {landing on a cup, which af- terwards becomes a fruit compofed of two oblong feeds, gib- bofe and ftriated on one fide, and fmooth and plain one the other. To this it is to be added, that the leaves are fin^'e, not of the compofite kind, as in the other umbelliferous plants, and that they ftand alternately on the ftalk. The fpecies of Beupleurum enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : 1. The broad and rigid leav'd Beupkurum. 2. The moft common, or roundifh leav'd Beupkurum. 3. The nar- row leav'd annual Beupleurum. 4. The fmalleft annual nar- row leav'd Beupleurum. 5. The {"mall Beupleurum^ with very long and narrow leaves. 6- The other Beupkurum, with ex- tremely narrow leaves. 7. 'I he roundifh leav'd perfoliate an- nual Beupleurum^ commonly called Thoroughzvax. 8. The double flower'd annual perfoliate Beupleurum, called by authors the moffy flower'd thoroughwax. 9. The long leav'd annual perfoliate Beupleurum. 10. The broad leav'd mountain Beu- pkurum. 11. The mountain Beupleurum, with extremely imall flowers. 12. The fmaller broad leav'd alpine Beuplcu- rum, called by authors the fmall alpine thoroughwax. 13. The larger narrow leav'd perfoliate alpine Beupleurum. 14. The middle fiz'd narrow leav'd perfoliate alpine Beupkurum. 15. The little narrow leav'd perfoliate alpine Beupleurum. 16. The grafiy leav'd perfoliate mountain Beupkurum. 17. The willow leav'd fhrubby Beupleurum, called by many the ./Ethi- opian fefeli. 18. The grafiy leav'd Ihrubby Spanilh iSetittleu- rum, 19. The prickly, grafiy leaf'd Ihrubby Spanilh Beu- pleurum. 20. The Portugal Beupleurum^ with long rigid grafiy leaves. Tournef Hift. p. 310. HARENARJA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for

the buckfhom plantain. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.- HARENGIKORMES. in ichthyography, a genus of fillies ap- proaching to the herring in {nape, the principal character of which is, a ferrated line made up of fcales running along the bottom of the belly ; to which may be added, that the fides and belly arc of a bright filver colour, and that the fcales arc large and loofe. Willugkbfs Hift. Pile. p. 218. HARENGUS, in zoology, the common Herring. The cha- racters by which this fifti is diftinguifhed from the reft of the filhes which approach to it in fhapc, and which are' thence called harengiformes, are thefe. Its ufual length is ftven or eight inches, tho' it fometimes grows to a foot. Its head rs flatted, and its mouth placed upwards; its- back is a bJui/li brown, and its belly and fides white, and where the fcales are off, of a filvery brightnefs ; the fcales are large and round ; it is not at all fpotted ; and its belly is fljarp, and as it Were prickly, a row of denticulated fcales running all along it; its fide lines are fmall, and fcarce diftinguifhable ; the lower jaw is longer and more prominent than the upper ; its gills are four in number, as in other fifties, but their teeth or fibres are remarkably long ; it has one fin on- its back, which is in the midway between the head and tail ; and the tail is Jerked. Wilhugbys Hift. Pifc. p. 219. Hare nous Minor Ixdicus, in zoology. See the article

£ lice A ?narhia. HARMALA, Harmel, or wild rue, in botony, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe: The flower is of the rofaceous kind, confifting of feveral leaves ar- ranged in a circular form. The piftil arifes from the flower cup, and becomes a roundilh, tricapfular fruit, ufually con- taining oblong feeds. The leaves in this genus always are placed alternately on the italks ; and we have only one known {pedes of it, which is the plant ufually called xvild rue and Harmel. Tournf. Hift, p. 257, HARMONICA, (Cycl.) among the antient muficians, is defi- ned by Ptolemy, a perceptive power of the differences of founds, according to acute and grave. Vid. Ptolem. pae. 1. Edit. Wallis. HARMOS, a word ufed by the old medicinal writers for the

flefh growing between the teeth, HARP, in the manege. See Grapple, Cycl. HARPAX, a name given by fome naturalifts to amber, and by fome of the chemilts to quicklime, and by others to fulphur. HARPE, in natural hiftory, the name of a kind of fhcll-fifh of ' very great beauty. It is of the genus of the dolium, or con- cha globofa. See Lyra. HARPEGGIATO, or Harpeggio, in the Italian mufic, fignifies the caufing the feveral founds of one accord to be heard, not together, but diftinclly one after the other, begin- ning with either at pleafure, but commonly with the loweft. Vid. Br of. Mufc. Di&. in voc. HARRIGATE fVell-water-, a ftrong fulphureous water, con- taining befides fulphur, marine fait, and nitre, or nitre only and earth. See Dr. Short's Hiftory of the Mineral Waters of Yorkftiire, &c. HARSCHEF, in botany, the name by which Avifenna, Sera- pion, and the reft of the Arabian writers call the cinara, or hartichoke. Some who have been puzzled for an etymology for the word hartichoke, or artichoak, as we differently fpeli it, have fuppofed that it was derived by corruption from this Arabian word Harfchef, which the Englifh phyficians, who pracTtifed according to the rules of Serapion and Avifenna, might bring into ufe, and adopt in their own language, as the name of the fame plant.

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