Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/847

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three or four inches long; its branches are compofcd of feve- ral globules, which look as if they were ftrung together on a thread ; it is of ;a whitifh or greenifh colour, but becomes reddifn in drying. 4. The lcffer green frog's fpawn conferva. This feldom grows to more than an inch in length, and is of a tolerably firm texture. 5. The tender pale green frog's fpawn conferva. This is very fmall, and is ufually found grow- ing to the putrified flalks of the larger water moffes. 6. The blue flippery alpine pearl conferva. This is common in the {landing waters on mountains, and is of a fine blue colour, and generally its branches are very thick fet. 7. The flipper y pearled black hair conferva. This grows to about two inches long, and its filaments are very {lender, and every way ex panded. 8. The horfe-tail river conferva. This grows to three or four inches long, and its branches are all befet at different diftances, with circles of fhort black filaments. 9. The fea horfc-tail-like conferva. This is of a greenifh co lour, and of about four inches in length ; and its branches grow in great clufters from the fame bans. Dillen. Hift. Mufc. p. 43. HAIRY Roots. See Fibrose Roots.

HAKE, in zoology, the Englifh name of a fifh common in the Englifh and fome other feas, and called by authors the Mer- lucius and Lucius Murium. WUlughby\ Hift. Pifc. p. 174. See Me R. lucius.

This fifh was ufed of old dried and fatted. Hence the proverb obtains in Kent, as dry as a hake. Paroch. Antiq. 575. HAKETON, in our old writers, a military coat of defence.

IValf. in Ed. 3. Blount. HALCRYPT1UM, a name given by Dr. Hill to a peculiar fait difcoverab'.e in the chalybeate waters, and mentioned by Hoffman and fome other authors, though not before known by any peculiar name.

The word is derived from «A;, fait, and xpittu, to hide, it being the moft latent, and difficultly difcoverable or feparable, of all the native falts. It is defined to be a fait found na- turally in a fluid form, fufpended in fmall quantities in certain waters, fcarce difceruable in them by its t after, and very diffi- cultly feparable from them ; but by a proper evaporation to be procured m a dry form in extremely fmall particles, in form of powder ; which, when carefully prepared by a proper folution and evaporation, affords extremely minute, oblong, and quadrangular cryftals. Hill's Hift. of Foffih, p. 397. It has been long fuppofed that alkaline falts could not be cry ftallized ; but this fait, the natrum of the antients, and the common borax, mew very evidently that we have yet form'd but very imperfect ideas of the nature of alkaline falts. The borax mewing us that the fuppofed invariable properties of alkaline falts are not fo conftant, certain, and incommunica- ble, as they were fuppofed to be, as it has fome, and has not others of them. (See Borax.) And this which is a true alkali in many refpedts ; as alfo the natrum of the antients, being by proper care reducible into regular cryftals. The chalybeate waters all afford this fait in fome degree, but none fo plentifully as the Pyrmont. If a large quantity of this water is gently evaporated in a glafs or glazed earthen vefTel, there is found remaining a mixed matter compofcd of a fpar, a white marley earth, a yellow ochre, and a bitter pungent fait. This fait may be feparated from the other fubftances by folution in water ; and this water being filtred and evaporated to a drinefs, affords a brownifh white fait very like fait of tartar. But if this liquor be only evaporated to a pellicle, and fet by for fome time in a glafs, the furface of the liquor will give all round the glafs a number of fmall cryftals, looking only like a ring of whitifh matter, but when examined by the microfcope, proving to be really a congeries of pure cryftals of a regular figure, being all quadrilateral co- lumns terminated by fhort quadrilateral pyramids. Ibid.p.^gtt. The Halcrypt'mm thus feparated, has all the properties of the common alkaline falts : Mixed with an acid, it effervefces and produces a neutral fait ; it turns fyrup of violets °reen ; precipitates a yellow powder from a folution of corrofive fublimate j and mixed with a folution of fal armoniac, affords an urinous fmell.

This fait feems of the utmoft importance to the water it is contained in, fince it can be fuppofed to contain no other al- kali, and without an alkali it is not eafy to account for its pro- perties j to which it may be added, that, by means of the common alkali of tartar, and a folution of the pyrites, or even of iron, in an acid mixed with common water, a liquor may be made, very much refembling the natural Pyrmont water. HALECULA, in zoology, a name given, by fome authors, to the anchovy. The word is a diminutive of halec, a name for the herring. Bcllon. de Aquat. See Excrasicholus. HALEL/EUM, a medicine compofed of oil and fait, and re- commended by the antients for external ufe in cafes of tu- mours of the joints. HALE, {CycL)— Half Tangents, on a fcale. See Scale, Cycl. HALGAZAR, in the materia medica of the earlier writers, is the name for the parfnep. Averrhoes frequently ufed the word in this fenfe. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. HALLETUS, a fpecies of eagle which frequents the fea, and feeds on fifhes, called alfo the aquila marina, nifus, and ofli- Suppl. Vol. I.

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fraga or ofprcy. Aldrovandus has defcribed the Englifh bald buzzard under the name of the Ha/iestits, but erroneotifly, and his defcription of the ofTifraga proves very plainly, that it is the Halicetus of other authors. It is a very large bird, weigh- ing often eleven pounds. Its head and neck are all covered with long and narrow feathers, and he has a fort of beard of fine flender feathers, like hairs, hanging from his chin, and has, for this reafon, been called the bearded eagle, aquila bar- bata, by Pliny and Btllonius. It is of three culours, a whitifh, a brown, and a ruft colour, and it is remarkable, that every diftinct feather of his bodv has all thefe colours: But his wing feathers are of a plain chefnut colour, and his tail feathers have very little of the brown, and are principally black and white. V/illughbfs Ornithology, p. 29. HALICACCABUM, in botany, the name given by the an- tient Greeks to the winter cherry, or alkekengi. They comprehended this under the general name ftrychnum, of which they mention three general kinds, the one caufm<* madnefs in the eater, the other caufmg flcep, and the other being efculent and fare. Of the laft kind are the pomum amoris, or melanzanion, and this Halhaccabum ; they have ufed it, however, in general not only for this, but for the whole genus of nightfhades ; and called the fleepy nightfhades, and the mad nightfhades, all melanzania and agriomelan- zania ; tho' the laft word comes much nearer, being appro- priated to the pomum amoris, than the other, as we find by the occafional ufe of it in thofe who dd'cribe other plants. Alpagus fays, that the trees which bear the nut metel, have leaves like the agriomclanzanion ; and we find, by the figures, that thefe arc like the leaves of the pomum amoris, more than any other nightfhade. HALIMAR, a name given, by fome of the eld chemifts, to

copper. See Copper. HAL'ITUS Igmi. See Vapour.

HALLAMAS, in our old writers, the day of All-Hallows, or Jll'Saints, viz. Nov. 1. It is one of the crofs quarters of the year, which was commuted, in antient writings, from, HaUamas to Candlemas. Ccwel. HALLERIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which arc thefe :. The perianthium is compofed of one leaf, flightly divided into three fegments, the upper one being twice as broad as the others. The flower conlifts of one leaf, and is not of the labiated kind. The tube is round at the hafe, and bellied and bent near the mouth. The limb is oblique, erect, and divided into four fegments; the upper one is erect, obtufe, and emarginatcd ; the lids ones are broad, fharp-pointed, and not emarginated, and the lower one is very Ihort and narrow, and is fliarp- pointed. The ftamina are four filaments, of the thicknels of briitles, they ftand erect, and arife from the tube, and are longer than the flower; two of thefe are fomewhat longer than the other two, as is the cafe in the labiated flowers ; the autheras are roundifh and double ; the germen of the piftil is oval, and terminates in a ftyle which is longer than the ftamina ; the ftigma is fimplc. The fruit is a round berry, containing two cells. Linnm Gen. Plant, p. 287. HALMYRAX, a name given by Pliny to the natrum of the antients, when found in a dry form on the furface of the earth. See Natrum. HALMYRHAGA, in the materia medica of the antients, was a name given, by fome authors, to the natrum, when in a purer ftate. They diftinguifhed, according to Pliny, two kinds of this fait, one they called by this name Halmyrhaga, which was the purer; the other, which was fouler, and mixed with earth, they called agiium. The firft of thefe they had from Media, the other from Thrace. Hill's Hift. of Fofi". p. 390. See Natrum. HALMYRODES, a word ufed by Hippocrates, as the name of a peculiar fpecies of fever, in which, as Galen explains it, the external parts, when touched, communicate fuch an itch- ing fenfation, as is perceived on touching fait fubftances. The fame word is fometimes ufed to cxprefs a roughnefs of the fkin, and is applied to many of the excretions, when fait and acrimonious. HALO [Cycl.) — Mr. Weidler endeavours to refute Huygens's manner of accounting for Haloes, by a vaft number of fmall vapours, each with a fnowy nucleus, coated round with a tranfparent covering. Mr. Weidler fays, that when the fun paints its image in the atmofphere, and, by the force of its rays, puts the vapours in motion, and drives them towards the furface, till they are collected in fuch a quantity, and at fuch a diftance from the fun on each fide, that its rays are twice refract ed, and twice reflected, by the time they reach the eye ; they exhibit the appearance of a Halo, adorned with the colours of the rainbow : Which may happen in glo- bular pellucid vapours -without fnowy nuclei, as appears by the experiment of hollow glafs fphcres filled with water. Therefore, whenever thofe fpherical vapours are fituated as before-mentioned, the refractions and reflections will happen every where alike, and the figure of a circular crown, with the ufual order of colours, will be the confequence Phil. Tranf. N'. 458. §. 2. Halo, in anatomy, the name given, by authors, to that round 13 C red