Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/786

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teftines, though the wound does not immediately appear, if there is a more than ordinary flaccidity in them ; and when this is the cafe, the reft of the inteftines muft be pulled gent- ly forward till you find the wound. If nothing of this fort is the cafe, 'but the inteftines are in their natural ftate and condition, they muft be returned in the following manner. Xhe patient muft be placed in a fupine pofture, and laid on that fide that is oppofite to the wound, and the jnteftine muft be returned by the aperture of the wound,, w^th the two fore fingers, taking care never to take off one' nngen, till the other is on the gut j the patient is to be advifed all the while to hold his breath, and the lips of the wound muft be then brought together.

If the inteftines have been forced through a fmall wound, and are afterwards fo diftended with wind, that they cannot cafily be returned ; it is neceflary to pull the inteftine gently forward, that more of it may come out, and the wind take up by that means lefs room in any one part j an afiiftanf muft then gently dilate the wound as far as may be, either with his hand, or with two hooks fixed in the internal membrane, while the furgeon returns the inteftines j when this is done, the wound muft be fecured firft with the hand, and then with the proper dreffings, and in this cafe die furgeon may avoid the ufe of this painful operation.

When it is found neceflary to perform the operation, it muff. be done in the following manner ; firft pafs a ftrong dpuble,, or quadruple thread well waxed through two crooked needles, and with thefe flitch up both ends of the wound, begin- ning at one end with the upper lip of the wound, palling the needle through the peritoneum, mufcles of the abdomen, and the common integuments, -from within outwards, leav- ing only the breadth of a thumb between the flitches, and the mouth of the wound, obferving the fame method jn paf- fmg the other needle through the lower lip ; while you are paffing the needle with one hand, it will be proper to fupport the lips of the wound with the other, to prevent the inteftines from being wounded. In a wound of two fingers breadth, oneftitch in the middle will befufficient j but in larger wounds the ffitches muft be repeated in proportion to their fizt^ leaving a thumb's breadth between each of the futures, the ex- tremities of the thread are to be left hanging down on each fide; and when the future is firufhed, while an affiftant holds the lips of the wound together, thefe ends are to be tied in knots, in the following manner. Both ends of the threads are to be taken up, and to be tied in a double knot, paf- fing a fmall boulfter between the two knots to prevent the fkin from being hurt, Where there are more futures than one, you muft begin at the upper part of the wound, tying them down in order ; that before the laft is tied, a foft tent of the fize of a finger, with a thread fattened to the end of it, may be introduced into the lower part of the wound. This tent will keep a pafiage open for the evacuation of grumous blood, or matter, which may be collected in the cavity of the abdomen. The wound, when all this is done, muft be anointed with fome vulnerary bal- fam, and covered with pledgits of lint, a flicking plaifter, and boulflers, fecuring all with the fcapulary bandage. Large wounds alfo extending to the peritoneum, but not pe- netrating it, require this operation to prevent bad fymptoms, and dangerous hernise from a diftenfion of that membrane ; but in this cafe the needle muft pafs only through the mufcles, and common integuments. GASULON, in the materia medica, a word ufed by Avi- fenna and Serapion, to exprefs fometimes .the plant hy'flbp, and fometimes nitre. Thefe are two very different things to be known under the fame name, but the proper interpre- tation of the word being the cleaning of clothes, it was ufed probably at fome time to fignify every thing of an abfterttve quality j but among the many things, of this kind once called: by it, the two above mentioned are all that we find re- corded. And when they are named, it is always eafy to fee which is meant, fince the fait and the plant are fo very dif- ferent, that there can be no miftaking the one for the other in the context. GATE (Cyrf.) — Gate, in the manege, called in French train,

is ufed for the going, or pace of a horfe. Gate of the fea, or a fea gate, is ufed when two fhips lie a board one another in a wave or billow, and by that means, fometimes become rib-brcken. GATHER, in the fea language. A fhip is faid to gather on ano- ther, when file gets the wind of her. GATVISCH, in zoology, a name given by fome to an American fifh, a fpecies of the turdus or wraffe, of a yellow colour, and beautifully variegated with red, called by moft au- thors by its Bafilian name, pira pixanga. TVilloughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 321. See Pira. GAVALI, in the materia medica, a name given by fome of the old writers to Bdellii.ni, particularly to the Arabian kind, which was thepureft, and was ufually in form of fmall tears, anj of a pale ycllowilri colour. GAVELET, in London, a writ ufed in the huttings of London, — Breve de Gaveleto in London, pro reditu ibidem quia Tenemmta fuerunt indiflringililia. And the flatute of Gavs- Iet P 10 Edward IT. gives this writ to lords of rents in the

city of London, as well as in Kent. Here the parties, tenant and demandant, appear by fcire facias, to fhew caufe why the onefhould not have his tenement again, on payment of his rent, or the other recover the lands, on default thereof. Practif. Solic.419. GAVELMED, the duty or work of mowing grafs, or cut- ting of meadow land, required by the lord from his cufto- mary tenants. Confuetudo fakandi qua vacatur Gavelmed. Somner. GAVEL-RIP, bedreap, or duty of reaping, at the command of the lord— de confuctudine metendi 40 acras & dimid. de Gavel- rip in autumno 40 fol. h fex denar. GAVELSESTER, fextarius vecligalis, a certain meafure of rent ale. Among the articles to be charged on the ftewards and bailiffs of the manors belonging to the church of Canter- bury in Kent, according to which they were to be accountable, this -of old was one : de Gavelfefter cujujlibet bracim braciatt infra libertatem ?naneriorum, viz. Unam lagenam & dimidiam wevifta. This duty eliewhere occurs under the name of Tolfejhr, in lieu whereof, the Abbot of Abingdon was wont of cuftom to receive the penny mentioned by Selden, in his diflertation annexed to Fieta, c. 8. Nor doth it differ from what is called oakgavel in the gloflary at the end of the Laws of Henry I. Sax. tQict. GAVELWERK, was either, manu-opera, by the hands and

.perfon of the tenant, or earropera, by his carts or carriages. GAUGING (Cycl.) — For the ready computation of the contents of veiTels, or of any folids in the meafures in ufe in Great Bri- tain, we fhall here infert the following rules, taken from a treatife of practical geometry, publiihed at Edinburgh in 1745. 8°. Vid. pag. 137. feq.

i°. To find the content of a cylindric .veflel in Enghfh wine gallons, the diameter of the bale and altitude of the . veflel being given in inches and decimals of an inch : fquare the number of inches in the diameter of the veflel ; multi- ply this fquare by the number of inches in the height, then multiply this product by the decimal fraction 0.0034, and you'll have the contents of the veflel in gallons, and decimals of a gallon. For example, let the diameter be — D — 51.2 inches, the height =H= 62.3 inches, then will the content be DDH X O.0034 = 51.2 x 51.2 x 62.3 x 0.0034=555.27342 wine gallons.

2°. Suppofing the Englifh ale gallon to contain 282 cubical inches, the content of a cylindric veflel is computed in fuch gallons, by multiplying the fquare of the diameter of the veflel by its height as before, and their product by the deci- mal fraction 0.0027851. that is, the folid content in the gallons will be DDH x 0.0027851.

3 y. If the Scotch pint contains 103.4 cubical inches, the content of fuch a veflel in Scotch pints, will be DDH x 0.0076.

4". Suppofing the Winchefter bufhel to contain 2178 cu- bic inches, the content of a cylindric veflel is computed in thofe bufhels, by multiplying the fquare of the diameter of the veflel by the height, and the product by the decimal fraction 0.0003606. But the legal WJnchefter bufhel con- taining only 2150.42 folid inches, the content of a cylin- dric veflel is computed in fuch bufhels, by multiplying the fquare of the diameter by the height, and their product by the decimal 0.0003652. Or the content will be DDH x -0.0003652. See Bushel.

5 . Suppofing the Scotch wheat firlot to contain 2i| Scotch pints, or about 2rg7 cubical inches, the contents of a cylin- dric veflel in fuch firlots will be DDHx 000358. — And if the bear firlot contain 31 Scotch pints, the contents of fuch a veflel in bear firlots will be DDH x 0.000245. See Firlot.

6". It is to be obferved, that when the fedtion of the veflel is not a circle, but an ellipfis, the product of the greateft dia- meter by the leaft is to be fubflituted in thefe rules, for the fquare of the diameter.

7 . To compute the content of a veflel, which may be con- sidered as the fruftum of a cone in any of thofe meafures. Let A reprefent the number of inches in thediameter of the greater bafe, B the number of inches in the diameter of the letter bafe. Compute the fquare of A, the product of A by B, and the fquare of B. Take the third part of the fum of all thefe, and « fubftitute it in the preceding rules for the fquare of the diameter, and then .proceed in all refpects as before. Thus for example, the content in wine gallons will be AA + AB + BB x yH x 0.0036. Or thus, to the fquare of half the fum of A and B add one third of the fquare of half their difference ; and fubftitute this fum in the pre- ceding rules for the fquare of the diameter of the bafe of the veflel. For the fquare of 4 A +-£B added to 4 of the fquare of I A — \ B gives \ A A + i AB + £ BB + ^ AA— 8°- When the veflel is a fruftum of a parabolic conoid, mea- fure the Diameter 'of the feet ion at the middle of the height of the fruttrum ; and the content will be the fame as of a cylinder of this diameter, of the fame height with the veflel. o°. When a veffil is a fruftum of a fpherc, if you meafure the diameter of the fcction at the middle of Che height of
 * AB + ^ BB = 4 AA + ' AB + iBB.

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