Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/784

 GAR

female ; the male was a root refembling the filphiiiih of a cubit long, and of an inch or two in diameter ; the female was the corrupted wood of certain trees, particularly of the cedar, and other odoriferous woods.

Pliny makes it indeed the decayed wood of the oak, which fhines like fire in the dark, and calls it a fungus, but this was not the agaric of the Greeks.

The female agaric, or the decayed wood of the cedar, was what they gave as an antidote and cordial; the male, or as others called it, the black agaric, was poifonous. Diofcorides places it among the poifonous roots, and Avifenna con- demns it, as hard and unfit for internal ufe; the other, or female agaric, being loft, friable and tender. When it was thus in a "great degree however, it was condemned by the more accurate writers ; and Diofcorides, in particular, condemns the agarics of Cilicia and Galatia as too friable, and of no value : fo that they feemed to fix upon a proper ftage in the decay, as the neceflary qualification of good agaric.

'GARIDELLA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the rofa- - ceous kind, being compofed of a number of arched leavesj each bifid at the end, and all difpofed in a circular form ; the cup is divided into feveral fegments, and from it arifes a piftil, which finally becomes a fort of head compofed of fe- veral oblong bivalve capfules, which contain roundifh feeds. There is only one known fpecies of this plant* which is the garidella with finely divided leaves, commonly called the fen- nel leaved cretic nigella. Toumefort, p. 625.

GARLICK, Allium, in botany, the name of a genus of plants* the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the lili- aceous land, and confifts of fix leaves, with a piftil in the center, which finally becomes a roundifh fruit, divided into three cells* and containing roundifh feeds. To this it is to he added, that the flowers are always collected into round heads, and the roots are tunicated, and ufually made up of feveral fmall riiictei ; and finally, that the leaves are not tu- bular. The fpecies of gar iick enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. 1. The common cultivated gar lick. 2. The cul- tivated gar lick, with the twifted top of the ftalk, called by many allioprafum, ophiofcordon, and Rocambole. 3. The broad leaved round headed garlhk. 4. The leek leaved wild garlick, with red flowers and red roots. 5. The narrower leaved globular headed garlick. 6. The broad leaved wild garlick, called tears garlick, and ramfohs. 7. The broad leaved fpotted mountain garlick. 8. The lefler broad leaved moun- tain garlick. 9. The narrow leaved fpotted mountain gar- lick. 10. The green ifh yellow flowered garlick, called moly with green flowers. II. The two horned purple prolife- rous mountain garlick. 12. The two horned wild gar- lick, with a greenifh white flower, with three purple ftreaks in each petal. 13. The two horned mountain garlick, with a dufky coloured flower. 14. The two horned mountain gar- lick, with pale yellow flowers. 15. The two horned rufh leaved yellow flowered mountain garlick. 16. The round headed mountain garlick. 17. The purple flowered Pyrenean garlick, called by fome the purple moly. 18. The great nar- cifTus leaved mountain garlick. 19. The narciflus leaved mountain garlick, with foft leaves and pale coloured flowers. 20. The lefler narciflus leaved mountain garlick. 21. The narciflus leaved mountain garlick, with narrow leaves and pale flowers. 22. The long rooted mountain garlick. 23. The purple flowered rock garlick, with roots like acorns. 24. The little mountain garlick. 25. The broad leaved lily floWered mountain garlick. 26. The broad leaved garlick, With red lily like flowers. 27. The broad leaved Span ifh garlick. 28. The broad leaved yellow flowered garlick. ig. The broad leaved ftrong fcented yellow flowered garlick. 30. The purple flowered African garlick. 31. The whitifh green flowered garlick. 32. The lefler mountain garlick, or moly with a large rofe coloured flower. 33. The narrow leaved garlick, with pale red umbellated flowers. 34. The low garlick, with grofly leaves. 35. The triangular ftalked garlick. 36. The large flowered narrow leaved garlick. 37. The narrow leaved garlick, with twifted leaves : and 38. The little rufh leaved, fweet fcented wild garlick. Tourn. Inft.

Garlick is an extremely active and penetrating medicine. It is of the number of thofe roots which ought always to be ufed frefh and full of juice, not dried; fome efteem it the greatefl of all alexipharmics. The German phyficians frequently carry a clove of garlick in their mouths, when they vifit pa- tients in malignant fevers : with us it is more in ufe among country people, than in the fhops* They give a decoction of garlick in milk, as a remedy for worms, and alfo in the cholic, and in fuppreflions of urine. Its moft conftant ufe, however, is in affhma's, and catarrhous diforders of the breaft, in which it promotes expectoration. Whatever may be the virtues of garlick, it ought to be ufed in fmall dofes, and that not too frequently, becaufe, if long continued, it is apt to heat and inflame the vifcera. Vid. Hill's Hilt. Mat. Med. p. 66o> feq.

GARNET, in natural hiftory. See Granatus.

Garnet, aboard a fhip, is a tackle having a pendant coming from the head of the main mail, with a block ftrongly feized

GAR

to the main ft'iy juft over the hatch way ; in which block is reeved the runner, which hath an hook at one end in which is hitched the flings ; arid at the other end is a double Mock, in which the fall of the runner is reeved ; fo that by its means any goods, or cafks, that are not over heavy, may be haled and hoifed into, or out of the fhip ; when this garnet is not ufed, it is fattened along by the ftay at the bot- tom of it.

Garnet colour. To give this colour to glafs the workmen take the following method. They take equal quantities of cryflal and rochetta frit, and to every hundred weight of this mixture they add a pound of manganefe, and an ounce of prepared zaffer ; thefe are to he powdered fepafately, then mixed and added by degrees to the frit while in the furnace : great care is to be taken to mix the manganefe and zaffer very per- fectly, and when the matter has flood twenty four hours in fuiion, it may be worked. Ner?s Art of Glafs, p. 91.

Garnet^. The making the counterfeit garnet in pafte is done in three different proportions of the ingredients, which are thefe.

Take prepared cryflal two ounces, common red lead fix ounces, manganefe fix teen grains, zaffer three grains ; mix all well together, and put them into a crucible, cover it with a lute, and fet it in a potter's kiln for twenty four hours. Or take cryflal two ounces, minium five ounces and a half, manganefe fifteen grains, zaffer four grains ; mix them welt together, and leave room for their fwelling in the pot; bake them twenty four hours in a potter's kiln. The lafl method is this : Take crvffal prepared two ounces, minium five ounces, mix them, and add manganefe fifty two grains, zaffer fix grains ; mix them well together, and let all be baked, in a pot well luted, in a potter's kiln for twenty four hours.

The firft of thefe makes a very handfome garnet of the com- mon tinge, the fecond a deep one with fomething of a violet tinge, as many of the natural garnets have, but the third makes infinitely the fineft and brighteft. Neri's Art of Glafs, P- 134-

CZ?io-GarneTj on board a fhip. See ChEW-Garnet.

GAROSMUS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the atriplex olida, or frinking orach, a very ftinking low plant common on dunghills. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

GARRULUS Bohemicus; the Bohemian magpie, a name given by fome to the bird more ufually called ampclis, from its love of grapes. See Ampelis.

Garrulus Argentoratenfu, in zoology, the name given by authors to the fpecies of magpie commonly called the roller, a very beautifully variegated bird, brought to market in Italy, and fome other places. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 89.

GARTH(CycL) is ufed in fome parts of England for a little backiide orclofe. It isanantientBritifh word. Gard, in that language, fignifies garden, and is pronounced and written garth. This word is alfo ufed for a dam, or wear, &c.

Garth-mot, is ufed in our ftatutes for thofe who catch fifh by means of fifh-garths, or wears.

By ftatute it is ordained, that no fifher, nor garth-man, fhall ufe any nets or engines to defrroy the fry of nth, iSc 17 Rich. II. c. 9. The word is fuppofed by fome to be de- rived from the Scotch word gari, which fignifies forced of compelled ; becaufe fifh are forced by the wear to pafs in a loop, where they are taken.

GARUM, a word in very common ufe among the old writers on medicine ; they expreffed by it a pickle, in which fifh had been preferved. The principal kind of fifh they preferved in this manner was the mackarel.

The garum principally confifted of the juices of the fifh and fait; but we find the old writers (peaking of feveral kinds of it : one they called Spanifh garum, from the place whence they had it; another kind, from its colour, was termed the black garum ; this laft kind feems to have been that called facofum by the Latin poets, as if the fasces and remains of the fifh were left among it : and by others garum /anguineum* from its being fometimes tinged with their blood to a redifh colour. The Romans fometimes called the Spanifh kind, which was cfteemed the beft, garum fociorum ; and Galen fays, that the black garum was called oxyporum, but he only means by this, that it was ufed in the preparations called oxypora. It ferved to dilute them, and thence took the name of them to itfelf, by way of diftinction from the Spanifh, and other kinds, not ufed to this purpofe. Pliny tells us, that garum was compofed of all the offals of fifh, of every kind, macerated in fait ; it had its name, hetays, from its being ori- ginally made of a fifh called by the Greeks garos, but in his time the beft feems to have been made with the mackarel ; but that there were feveral other kinds ufed, both in food and medicine, fome of which muff have been made from fcarce fifth, for they were of great price. They were ufed in glyfters, and externally applied in feveral kinds of cutaneous eruptions: the antients had a great opinion of them in glyfters, for removing the pain in the fciatica, and other like cafes ; and the coarfer forts were their common medicine for curing cattle of the fcab, by making incifions in the fkjn, and laying over the part cloaths wetted with it,

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