Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/779

 GAL

GAL

brown, fometimes redifh, and fometimes black and filming. Reaumur, Hift. des Inf. Vol. 4, p. 1.

Dr. Lifter, who was very curious in his obfervations of in- fects, was perhaps beforehand with any of the authors, cele- brated as the firft difcoverers of the gall-infl£J, and progall-in^ feff clafles ; he found thefe animals on the plum, cherry, vine, lawrel, and many other trees, and calls them patellae of thefe trees. He was well informed of their animal origin ; and in the Year 1671, difcovered that they would fome of them ftrike a carnation red colour with ley of afhes, which was not only a good, but a permanent tinge. The principal kind on which he made the experiment was the femiglobular fort, which lie defcribes as being round every where, except where they are applied to the tree. They were of the fize of half a large pea of a chefnut colour, and of a mining furface, faftning thcmfelves to the bark of the tree, as the limpetts do to the rocks, and generally were fought after by ants, and other vermin.

Reach GALh-iTifecl. , See the article Peach.

Sb'eQ GALL-inJeff. See Shell.

Vine GALh-infecl. See Vine.

GtALH-mfeft fly, the male of the gall-infici ipecies. It is a two winged fly of a very particular kind. There fcems a great refemblance between thefe flies in all the gall-infecl clafs, and that of the peach gall-infeEi may give a proper idea of all the reft. This little creature, examined with the help even of the beft glafles, fhews, on the under part of its head, nothing analogous to the organs of other flies, deftined to convey their nourifhment; nothing that at all refembles the trunks of the other two winged flies, nor any thing that cari be compared to teeth. Where the teeth, if any, ought to be placed, nothing is to be feen but two hemifphe- ric, or more than hemifpheric bodies, black and minings and in all refpects refembling eyes. If thefe are eyes, they are verv remarkably fituated ; and juft over againft them, on the other fide of the head, and near the bafes of the antennas, there are two other limilar bodies, which indeed cannot be taken for any thing but eyes. It fhould feem that this fly has therefore no organs to receive aliments, but has two eyes in the place of fuch. The want of thefe organs is nothing fingular in the infect world} fince the moths and butter- flies afford us inftances of it. Many of thefe may be feen, as foon as produced from their cryfalis, in a ftate to propagate their fpecies, and depoftt their eggs ; and this great end at- chieved, they have no farther occafion for life, nor any means for its fupport ; and probably the cafe is the fame with thefe flies, which, as foon as loofe from their fhell, feek out and fecundate the females, and have after this no farther ufe for life. It is another Angularity in this fpecies, that they are produced from their fhell by their hinder part firft, whereas all other fpecies of the two winged flies are produced with the forepart of their body firft ; and if we cannot fay what may be the reafons for this Angularity in the production of this fly, we can however eafily perceive that every thing is prepared and deftined accordingly for it. In the nymphs of other flies, all the legs are conftantly apply'd clofe to the body, whereas, on the contrary, in the nymph of the gall- infeSl fly, the legs placed next the headj or the firft pair, are conftantly ranged upwards, and each of them embraces one fide of the head ; the conftant pofition of thefe legs in this direction, is a proof that it is the order and courfe of nature in the production of the anima'l ; nor is it without reafon that they are thus placed inafpecies which, contrary to all the others, is to force itfelf backward out of its fhell* fince they ferve very properly for the creature to pufh himfelf backward by : and as the anterior part of the cafes of other flies naturally and eafily opens, to give paflage to the animal, fo the pofterior part of this does. They ieem alfo to be more than ordinarily flow in their getting out, fome of them having been obferved to be ten or twelve hours, from the time of the firft: appear- ance of a piece of each wing, to their perfect enlargements. Reau?mtr r Hift. Infea. Vol. 4. p. 40.

GALLANTES, among the Romans, a furname given to the priefts of Cybele ; whence. the modern terms of gallant, 'and gallantry, have been formed. See Mem. Acad. Infcript. Vol. 5. p. 427.

GALLERICA Lapis, a name given by the writers of the middle ages to a fpecies of emerald, which was larger than the finer gems of that kind, and of a pleafant green, but debated by an admixture of white.

GALLERIES (Cycl.) in gardening, are to be made in the following manner. A line is firft to be drawn to the length the gallery is to be, and this is to be planted with hornbeam, which is to be the foundation of the gallery. Thefe require no farther care than to be fheared a little, and fometimes digged about, as there may be occafion. But the chief curiofity is in the ordering the fore part of the gallery, and forming the arches. The pillars of the porticoes, or arches, muft be placed at four foot diilanca from one another, and the gallery muft be twelve feet high, and ten feet wide, that there may be room for three perfons to walk abreaft in it. When the horn- beams are grown to the height of three feet, the diftance of the pillars well regulated, and the ground work of the gallery finifliedj the next tiling is to form the frontifpiece. To per-

form which, die hornbeam muft be fropt between two pillars at the height, and a trellis, made for that purpofe, muft: be run up, which forms the arch. As it grows up, thofc branches which out top the others muft be levelled with the fhears ; and in time they will grow very ftrong, and may be kept in regularity by the fhears. Portico galleries may be covered with lime trees.

Galleries in general have been always but lightly eftecmed in England ; they were once very much in repute in the gardens of Italy, and other hot countries, but now they are got out of credit even there. Miller's Gardner's Diet:

Gallery Ladder, in a fbip. SccLadder.

GALLIANA, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome au- thors to the turquoife ftone. It is only a corruption of the word callaina gemma, a name of this ftone common among the Roman authors. Pliny has defcribed the callais, and the callaina, or callaica gemma, in two different parts of his work, but it feems too hafty- a conclufion to infer from this, that the callais and callaica gemma were two things. Pliny fays nothing that feems to prove them different; and as he collect- ed his accounts from different authors, there is no great won- 'der that the fame fubject, with the name a little varied, fhould come in his way twice, in the different parts of his great work. We find, in the fame manner, the fame ftone, lapis arakicus, ■ defcribed in two parts of his book, once under the former name, and once under that of arabica gemma ; and many other inftances of the fame kind of inaccuracy in this autho'r might be produced to prove that only the turquoife may be rneant by both thefe names. Solinus tells us that this ftone is found in Germany ; but no turquoifes being ever heard of there, fome doubts have arifen from this of its being the tur- quoife that the ancients meant by this word. Thefe all arife only from the not knowing that Solinus is the moft inaccurate writer in the world, and that he takes his accounts of things from Pliny. This author tells us, that the callais was found in Caramania, as it ftill is, but Solinus read this Gerrnania, and thence gives us a country for the torquoife,. that does not, nor ever did produce it.

GALLIARDA, in the Italian mufic, the name of a tune that belongs to a dance called a galliard. Brofs. Dill. Muf. in voc.

. See Galliard, Cycl.

GALLIGASKINS, in our old writers, denoted wide hofe or breeches, having their name from their being ufed by the Gafcoigns.

GALLIHALPENCE; a kind of coini which with Sufkins and Doitkins, were forbidden by the ftatute 3 Hen. V. 1. It is faid they were brought into this kingdom by the Ge- noefe merchants, who trading hither in galleys, lived com- monly in a lane near Towerftreet, and were called galley-men ; landing their goods at Galley-key, and trading with their own fmall filver coin, termed galley-half-pence. Stow's Survey of Lond. p. 137.

GALLIN7E, in the Linnasan fyflrem of zoology, the name of a large order of birds, the general character of which is, that their beak is conic and bent. The oftrich, caflbwary, peacock, &c. are of this order. Linnai, Syftem. Naturae, p. 47.

Gallina Guinea, the Guinea hen, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of gallinaceous fowl, of the fize of the common hen, but with a longer neck. Its body is Hoped like that of a par- tridge, and its colour is all over a dark grey, very beautifully fpotted with fmall white fpecks ; there is a black ring round the neck; its head is rcdifh, and has on its top a hard horney protuberance of a brown colour ; it is blue under the eyes, and has a red flefny appendage hanging down from thence. They naturally herd together in large numbers, and breed up their young in common ; the females taking care of the broods of others, as well as of their own. They breed very well with us. Rays Ornitholog. p. 115.

Gallina Moza?nbicana, In zoology^ ■ a name under .which Nicrembcrg has defcribed a fort of hen, which he fays has not only black feathers, but black flefh and black bones; a hi- ftory Mr. Ray fufficiently explodes,. Ray's Ornithol. p. 299.

Gallina Rifcis, in zoology, the,, name of a fifti of the cucu- lus .kind, more ufualhy known ;by, the name of the corax

\ pifcis. IVilloitghby, Hift. Pifc. p. 280. See the article Corax*

GALLINACECJS, in zoology, the name of a genus of birds of the cock and hen, kind, the characters of which are thefe. The beak is fhort, ftrong, and a little crooked, proper for the picking up of corn, which is the food of the whole genus -

I the body is large, thick, and fiefhy ; the wings are fhort


 * and hollowed, and not calculated for much flying; they all

breed a numerous progeny; they build on the ground; the young are not fed by the parent, but immediately fhift for

■ thcmfelves; and fome have long fours behind their legs. Rays Ornitholog. p. 112.

GALLLINAGO, a general name for heath fowls, as the wood cock, fnipe, E2V. See Wood Cock.

Gallinago minor, in zoology, the name ufed by authors for

1 the fnipe, a bird well known among the fportfmen, and which, though in general a bird of paflage, yet fometimes remains

I with us the whole year, and builds and breeds here. It lives in marfhy places, and builds among reeds ; it lays four

I or five eggs at a time.

Its