Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/775

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they are very {lender, and of the length of the cup ; the an- thers are double ; the germen of the piftil is roundifli ; the ftyles are two, they are fimple and reflex, and the ftigmata are fimple ; the fruit is a roundifh capfula, containing two cells, in which are two oblong angular feeds. Linnm Gen. PI. p. 169. Ponteder. Epift. 14.

GALENION, the name of an anodyne cataplafm; prefcribed by /Egineta.

GALEOBDOLON, in botany, the name of a genus of plants defcribed by Dillenius in his Hortus Elthamenfis, and rank- ed by Linnzus, together with the cardiacs, under one gen us \ hy the name leonurus. Dillen. Hoit. Elth. p. 84.

GALEOLA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of the echinodermata, or fea hedgehogs of the galeated or helmet kind.

They have their name from the Latin galeola, a diminutive of the word galea, and which fignified with the ancient Ro- mans a drinking veflel, made in the fliape of a fmall helmet. Of this genus, there are three known fpecies. 1. A papillofe kind, covered with fmall eminences. 2. An undulated or waved kind, fo called from its ftrise reprefenting waves. They are finely dotted at the top, but the granule become larger as they go toward the bafe. 3. The fmooth kind. Klein's Echinod.

GALEOPSIS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower confifts of one leaf, and is of the labiated kind ; the lower lip is divided into three fegments, the middle one being larger than the reft, ?.nd either fharp pointed or obtufe, and the upper lip is hol- lowed like a fpoon. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed in the manner of a nail into the hinder part of the flower, and unrounded with four embryos, which ripen into four oblong feeds contained in a tubular capfule divided into five fegments at the end, which was the cup of the flower. The fpecies of galeopfts enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe.

1. The tall fpiked ftinking galeopfts. 2. The taller purple flowered galeopfts, with prickly flower cups. 3. The taller white flower'd galeopfts,- with prickly flower cups. 4. The taller yellow flowered galeopfts, with prickly flower cups.

5. The narrow leaved galeopfts with variegated flowers.

6. The purple open flowered common galeopfts. 7. The white open flowered common galeopfts. 8. The betony leaved alpine galeopfts, with variegated flowers. 9. The betony leaved marih galeopfts with variegated flowers. 10. The yel- low flowered galeopfts, or dead nettle. 11; The yellow flow- ered galeopfts, with large fpotted leaves. 12. The round leaved annual Spanifh galeopfts : and 13. The teucrium leaved Spanifh fhrubby galeopfts. Tournefort, p. 185.

GALEUS glaucui, the blue Jhark; a very fierce and vora- cious fifh of prey. It is of a fine deep blue colour on theback^ and of a bright filver white on the belly. The fkin is fmoother than that of the white fhark, and the nofe long pointed, and fomewhat flatted. The noftrlls are long, and placed tranfverfely to the length of the nofe. The fockets of the eyes are of an elliptic figure ; but the eyes themfelves are ex- actly round, and have a membrane which at times the fifh draws over them, and there are no cavities behind the eyes; The teeth are not fo numerous as in the white fhark, there be- ing only two rows of them, but thefe are very large and trian- gular, exactly of the fliape of the gloflbpetrte. The tail is bifidj and one portion of it is much larger than the other. It is veiy voracious of human flefh^ and will follow clofe under the Chore if there is depth enough, and a man is walking there. It is fometirries found on the Englifh fhores, and has been caught on the Cornwall coaft. See Tab. of Fifties, N° 4. and Willoughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 49.

Galeus lavis, the fmooth hound fijh, in zoology^ the name of a fifh of the fame genus with the galeus fp max \ but differing in fize and many other particulars. It is called the fmooth hound fifh, not from any peculiar fmoothnefs of the flcin, for all the galei are rough in that particular, but by wayofdiftin&ionfrom the galeus fpinaxj as it has no prickles. Its back and fides are afh coloured ; its belly white ; its body long and roundj the end of its fnout is obtufe, and runs out a great way beyond the mouth and eyes. It has two fins on the back, and two pair of fins on the belly. It has properly fpeaking no teeth, but the jaws are both rough and fharp like a file. Gefner. de Pifc. p. 717.

Galeus rhodlus, in ichthyology, a name given by Albe- na^us and fome other of the old writers, to a very large and delicate fifh. Schoneveldt is of opinion, that they meant by it the fturgeon, and brings many good reafons for his opi- nion.

GAiEvsfpinax, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the mark kind, called in Englifh the hound fifh. It has a long and round body, and has no fcales, but is covered with a rough fkin, us'd by feveral artifts for polifhing their works. Its back is of a brownifh afli colour. Its belly white and lefs rough, its nofe confiderably long, fomewhat flatted, and rounded at the end. The pupil of the eye is black, of an elliptic form, and Hands tranfverfely. The mouth is placed about the middle of the fnout, and in its lower part t and it

GAL

has two rows of fmall teeth. It is common In the Mediter- ranean and Englifh feas. Gefner de Aquat. p. 716.

Galeus Jlellatus, the Jlar'el bound fjh, in zoology, a kind of hound fifh, remarkably fpcckled with white fpots in from of ftars. Salvian de Aq. p. 20.

GALEXIA, in ichthyology, a name given by Galen and fome of the other antient writers, to the common lamprey. See Lampetra and PetromyzonI

GALGULUS, in zoology, a name by which many have call- ed a bird of the thruih kind, of a find gold yellow, with black wings, more commonly known by the name of Galbula, and fuppofed to be the chloreus of Ariftotle, and the icterus, or jaundice bird of Pliny. Ray's Ornitholog. p. 147. See the article Galbula.

GALI, in the materia medica, a name given by fome to the indigo, ot fzculae of the plant anil ufed in dyin?, fcV. Gar- cias gives us this name, and fays, that the plant is like the mangirique • but Clufius tranflating this word by ocymum or bafil, has ftrangely perplexed the cafe. The anil or in- digo plant not having any refemblance of that herb.

GALL, or Bile {Cycl.)— After all that has been faid about the bile by ancient and modern writers, there feems yet a doubt as to its true origin, and where it is generated. The commonly eftabllfhed opinion is, that the bile contained in the gall bladder has been filtrated into it by certain glands which are found on its inner cavity. Thefe glands however^ have been rather fuppofed than de'monftrated, and if writers mean by them, thofe little protuberances found fometimes within the cyfl, there is no certainty of their fepaiating the bile, fince thefe glands* as they are called, are wanting in many, hay in the greater part of perfectly found bodies, where the vifcera are in a good flate, and not aft'eded by any obftruflions. When the world was beginning to be- lieve that there were in reality no fuch glands as thefe, it was (aid that there were certain veffels and canals which collect- ing the bile from the fubftance of the liver, carry'd it to the inner furface of the gall bladder, where they opened and emptied their contents into its cavity ; but thefe veffels have in reality been no more demonftrated to exift than the before- mentioned glands, and there have fometimes appeared cafes, where demonftration has in a manner appeared on the con- trary fide, to prove, that the bill is not fepai'ated in the gall bladder, but is brought into it from elfewhere : of this kind there is one very remarkable one mentioned in the memoirs of the academy of fciences of Paris.

Mr. Lieutaud, on diflefiing a morbid body, found the gall bladder fo extremely fhrunk up in fize, that he could fcarce at firft believe that it was the gall bladder ; its neck was wholly filled, and as it were plugged up with a blackifh matter, formed into a body of a fpherical fhape; and compofed of fe- veral beds, or layers, in the manner of thofe ftones which are not unfrequently found in the gall bladders of different ani- hialsj and the other part of this body of it, which was alfo much the largefl, was contained in a. bag made by the fcparation of the two membranes of which the gall bladder is naturally compofed ; this contained ho fluid matter, except a few drops of a very clear Water ; and its inner furface, which was per- fectly white, did not appear ever to have contained any bile % the cyftick canal, and the biliary pore, were very much di- lated, and the canal as full of bile as it could hold, and the whole fubftance of the liver was very found, and in a ftate of perfect health. Now if either the glands in the inner membrane of the gall bladder feparated the bile, or if any veffels feparatcd it from the liver, and convey'd it immediately into that refervoir by apertures in its inner furface ; in either of thefe cafes all this might have been done in the bladder, though its neck were tints flopped up, but on the contrary there was no bile found there, and it fhould appear very plain- ly from this, that the bile muft have fome other origin, fince it feems to be conveyed into the gall bladder no other way than through its neck. Mem. Acad. Scienc. Par. 1735. The human bile taken out of the bodies of thofe who died of the plague at Marfeillcs, was always found to be of a blackifh, or deep green colour. On the mixing fpirit of vitriol with it, it always became of a fine green, .which colour never changed in it : and when fait, or oil of tartar were mixed in it, it al- ways became yellow. Spirit of nitre added to it turned it black, but the colour foon faded. This bile poured into a wound made in the leg of a dog, would always render him drowfy, dull, and not caring to eat, and all the dogs on which the experiment was tried, died within about four days, with all the circumftances of a genuine plague upon them. A dram of the fame bile, diluted with three ounces of water, and injected into the jugular vein of a dog, killed him in two or three hours ; and when opened, the heart was found fluffed full of black blood, the liver fwelled, and the gall bladder full of green bile. The fame quantity of difeafed bile injected in the fame manner into the crural vein of a dog, has made him drowzy in an hour afterwards, he would then refufe his food ; and in three days peftilential buboes would appear, and the creature die. A dog which belonged to one ofthefurgeons of the hofpital of Mail, ufed to attend at all the dreffings of the plague fores, and eat up the glands, blood, pus, EsV. which was thrown

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